- The Complete Research Material is averagely 52 pages long and it is in Ms Word Format, it has 1-5 Chapters.
- Major Attributes are Abstract, All Chapters, Figures, Appendix, References.
- Study Level: BTech, BSc, BEng, BA, HND, ND or NCE.
- Full Access Fee: ₦6,000
Get the complete project »
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Soap is the earliest detergent know to man and apparently was first made by the Romans from animal fats and oil and wood ash which is an alkali that contains potassium carbonate, sodium, potassium hydroxide called potash leached from the wood ash (Robert, 1994). It is also an unsaturated ester since an ester can be split into an alcohol and a carboxylic acid by hydrolysis. Meaning that it does not contain all the solutes that can be dissolve at a particular temperature (Kirt Othmer, 1994). Also soap is a metallic salt of a fatty acid because if a metallic base is used in the hydrolysis instead of water, the metallic salt of the carboxylic acid is obtained, not the acid because carboxylic acid are weak acid which dissociates only slightly in solution
(Hou, 1992).
1.2 Soap can be defined as the sodium or potassium salt of fatty acids, made by heating fats and oil with caustic soda or caustic potash respectively (Cook 1990).
Most soap was manufactured by an alkaline hydrolysis reaction called the Saponification, which is the reaction of fats and oil with alkali.
C3H5 (COOR)3 + 3KOH 3KOOCR + C3H5 (OH)
(where R – represent the hydrocarbon chain) also according to the equation above, soaps was made in huge keittes into which fat and oil and alkali were piped and heated until it boils vigorously.
Saponification is the process used in making soap since ancient times, soaps have been made from vegetable and animal oil and fats looked in alkali (Kott, NaoH) (Steiner, 1990). Soap and detergent are both cleaning agents and both work in the same way, but soap cleanse with the natural occurring materials such as animal fat and wood ash.
1.3 TYPES OF SOAP
In the world of soap manufacturing, there are basically three types of soap, under them they are classified according to their categories:
(1) Foreign Soap
These are soap that is medically investigated to cure a skin diseases. Examples:
(a) Medicated soap
i. Antiseptic soap
ii. Germicidic soap
iii. Herbal soap
(b) Tablets Soap
These are soap that is operated and purified, dyes and perfumed added, to make the skin mild.
Example: i. Toilet Soap
ii. Bar Soap
(c) Local Soap
These are meant for a purpose not medically investigated but meant for cleaning ability.
a. Black soap
b. Sida Soap.
But here we are basically on the one made from Local raw material, which is the black soap (Ncha Nkota).
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
I. AIM
Preparation of soap using local raw materials.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. To prepare local soap with woodash derived from the calyx and the corolla of palm flower (Ejeasis Guineensis), which serves as an alkali.
2. To know the trees in which caustic alkali can be obtained apart from palm tree (Eleasis Guineensis).
3. To improve the properly preparation of local soap and high quality local soap.
4. To educate some illiterate local soap producers on how to set a standard in the production of local soap and still retain its effectiveness and for a wider acceptability.
5. To create awareness on the need and importance of locally made soap analysis.
6. To make known to or enlighten especially the local soap producers (both urban and rural manufacturers) on the best and exact quantity or raw materials and methods to use to achieve better results in their products.
7. This research project could as well as form basis for further research work on local soaps analysis in this institution.
1.5 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
The problems why people are no longer interested in the local soap is because it causes irritation of the skin; Reason, because they are not medically investigated and are not dirtiness causes dust, grief and stiffs on fabrics in the heading process becaus3 of the inaccurate measurement of the alkali and inability to bring out the purest form of the alkali. Also some smokes and wood particles enter into the pot of soap on stirring because of inability to maintain a hygienic on cooking and on stirring.
1.6 HYPOTHESIS
H1 : Raw Materials can be used in making local soaps
Ho : Raw materials can not be used in making local soap.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE
This soap includes “Builders” as alkaline compound, which improve the cleansing efficiencies, example, in washing of cloth, washing of plate and washing of kitchen utensils.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THESE STUDIES
This research work is limited by the extraction of alkali to manufacture good quality local soap with the leaching process and filtration method and it’s cr6stallization.
You either get what you want or your money back. T&C Apply
You can find more project topics easily, just search
-
SIMILAR CHEMISTRY FINAL YEAR PROJECT RESEARCH TOPICS
-
1. THE EFFECT OF TEACHERS’ QUALIFICATION AND ATTITUDE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CHEMISTRY STUDENTS EXTERNAL EXAMINATION IN SOKOTO METROPOLIS
» ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to find out the effect of teachers’ academic qualification and attitude on the performance of Chemistry studen...<a href="https://codemint.net/chemistry/the-effect-of-teachers-qualification-and-attitude-on-the-performance-of-chemistry-students-external-examination-in-sokoto-metropolis/index.html">Continue Reading »</a>Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 76 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
2. STUDENT ATTITUDES TOWARD LABORATORY WORK AND ITS IMPACT ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN CHEMISTRY
» Abstract The study deals with student attitude towards laboratory work and its impact on academic performance in chemistry in Oredo Local Government A...<a href="https://codemint.net/chemistry/student-attitudes-toward-laboratory-work-and-its-impact-on-academic-performance-in-chemistry/index.html">Continue Reading »</a>Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
3. HEPATOPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS OF SENA TORA LEAVE EXTRACT ON CARBON TETRACHLORIDE INDUCED TOXICITY
» CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Many of the developing countries including African countries like Nigeria practice traditional medicine as its main sourc...<a href="https://codemint.net/chemistry/hepatoproductive-effects-of-sena-tora-leave-extract-on-carbon-tetrachloride-induced-toxicity/index.html">Continue Reading »</a>Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
4. PRODUCTION OF DISINFECTANT
» ABSTRACT Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non living objects to destroy micro organisms that are living on the object. They ...<a href="https://codemint.net/chemistry/production-of-disinfectant/index.html">Continue Reading »</a>Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 49 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
5. investigating the dyeing of a standard bleached cotton fabric at variable temperatures
» CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION A dye is a deeply coloured organic compound, usually soluble in water. Insoluble coloured compounds are called pigments. ...<a href="https://codemint.net/chemistry/investigating-the-dyeing-of-a-standard-bleached-cotton-fabric-at-variable-temperatures/index.html">Continue Reading »</a>Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 38 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
6. EXTRACTION AND STABILIZATION OF ALOE VERA GEL FROM THE PLANT
» CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) is a perennial plant of Liliacea with turgid green leaves joined at the stem in a ros...<a href="https://codemint.net/chemistry/extraction-and-stabilization-of-aloe-vera-gel-from-the-plant/index.html">Continue Reading »</a>Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 46 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
7. DETERMINATION OF PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, MINERAL ELEMENTS, HEAVY METAL LEVELS AND MICROBIAL QUALITY OF KILISHI FROM SELECTED AREAS IN KADUNA STATE, NIG...
» ABSTRACT Analysis of proximate composition, mineral composition, heavy metals concentration, microbiological counts and identification of microbial co...<a href="https://codemint.net/chemistry/determination-of-proximate-composition-mineral-elements-heavy-metal-levels-and-microbial-quality-of-kilishi-from-selected-areas-in-kaduna-state-nigeria/index.html">Continue Reading »</a>Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 134 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
8. INFLUENCE OF STUDENTS` PERCEPTIONS OF CHEMISTRY CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT ON THEIR ACHIEVEMENT AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS CHEMISTRY.
» ABSTRACT Students perform very poorly in Chemistry in the last few decades, many reasons have been induced to explain these poor performances. Attitud...<a href="https://codemint.net/chemistry/influence-of-students-perceptions-of-chemistry-classroom-environment-on-their-achievement-and-attitudes-towards-chemistry/index.html">Continue Reading »</a>Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
9. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BOREHOLE WATER AND SACHET WATER IN OWERRI MUNICIPAL, IMO STATE
» ABSTRACT Three types of sachet water samples and three types of borehole water samples all from Owerri Municipal, Imo State were collected and analyze...<a href="https://codemint.net/chemistry/comparative-study-of-physicochemical-analysis-of-borehole-water-and-sachet-water-in-owerri-municipal-imo-state/index.html">Continue Reading »</a>Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 69 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
10. FORMULATION AND PRODUCTIOIN OF ALCOHOL FROM PALM WINE.
» CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION The manufacture of alcohol by fermentation has bee3n known since amtignity, the4 main purpose being the preparation of al...<a href="https://codemint.net/chemistry/formulation-and-productioin-of-alcohol-from-palm-wine/index.html">Continue Reading »</a>Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT