- The Complete Research Material is averagely 52 pages long and it is in Ms Word Format, it has 1-5 Chapters.
- Major Attributes are Abstract, All Chapters, Figures, Appendix, References.
- Study Level: BTech, BSc, BEng, BA, HND, ND or NCE.
- Full Access Fee: ₦7,000
Get the complete project »

ABSTRACT
As effective as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may be in achieving thermal stability as coolant in transformer oils; spills, decommissioning and poor handling of these transformer oils often results to contamination of PCBs on the environment. The attendant adverse effect of PCBs on the environment and humans has been of serious concerns. The residue levels of PCBs in soil of selected transformer maintenance workshops in Kaduna and Zaria metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria was determined. Two soil samples per site, one top-soil (0 – 5 cm) and one sub-soil (20- 30 cm), totalling fourteen (14) soil samples were collected in four (4) and three (3) different locations in Kaduna and Zaria metropolis respectively. Some soil physico-chemical properties such as particle size (sand, silt and clay) and total organic carbon (TOC) in the soil that may influence the dynamics of the pollutants was determined. In addition, the soil samples were analysed for residues of PCBs using the technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). PCB concentrations were correlated (PEARSON) with the particle size and total organic carbon (TOC). The coefficient of variation of percent TOC was 45. The concentration of the PCBs measured showed significant correlation (P< 0.05) with TOC. PCB congeners CB 28, CB 52, CB 101, CB 153, CB 138 and CB 180 were detected at varied concentrations, occurring most frequently with highest sum PCB congeners of 8209.50 µg/kg at Arewa Metal Containers (AMECO) Kaduna, lowest sum PCB congeners of 0.81 µg/kg at Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Main Campus, Samaru- Zaria, and absent at farmland near National Research Institute for Chemical Technology (NARICT), Zaria that serve as control. CB 153, CB 138 and CB 180 (hex- and hepta- chlorinated biphenyls) were dominant species in all the soil samples, accounting for more than 82 % and 68 % of total PCBs in the soil samples from Kaduna and Zaria respectively. The sum PCB congeners‘ residue levels down the soils in all the sites decreases due to soil binding effect and other weathering process. The percent hexa- and hepta- chlorinated biphenyls increased from top-soil to sub- soil except in AMECO. This finding reveals that higher molecular weight PCBs percolates down the soil which might offer an insight for ground water contamination. The measured Relative Retention Factors of all the samples were within the 6-11 percent (%) standard deviation retention time of the referenced standard PCB congeners, and was found satisfactory. The percent (%) recoveries of PCBs in topsoil and subsoil of AMECO, topsoil and subsoil of Mando are in the ranges of 83-145 % and 53-86 %, 52-92 % and 71-143 % respectively. The PCB residue levels in all the samples complied with the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) set maximum limit of 50 ppm (50,000 µg/kg).
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a subset of synthetic organic chemicals known as
chlorinated hydrocarbon that is to a large degree, chemically inert. PCBs have been
produced in high volume by the chemical industry and used as additives to oils in
electrical equipment, hydraulic machinery, and other applications where chemical
stability has been required. These organic compounds can be transported for long
distances, and have been detected in the furthest corners of the globe, including places far
from where they are manufactu
You either get what you want or your money back. T&C Apply

You can find more project topics easily, just search
-
SIMILAR CHEMISTRY FINAL YEAR PROJECT RESEARCH TOPICS
-
1. THE PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM SUGARCANE BAGASSE BY THERMAL METHOD.
» CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Activated carbon also called activated charcoal is a carbonaceous, highly porous adsorptive m...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 42 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
2. NUTRITIONAL AND ANTINUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE SEED AND SEED OIL OF Citrullus ecirrhosis (WILD MELON)
» Abstract Attempt was made to determine the nutritional and anti nutritional composition of Wild melon (C. ecirrhosus ) popularly known as “Gunar sha...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 110 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
3. ASSESSMENT OF CHANGES IN PLASTICITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE FATTY ACID BASED NEEM OIL BLENDS
» ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to develop a value added product from a renewable resource, investigate the effect of its loadings on the mechani...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
4. THE EFFECT OF PESTICIDES DICHLORODIPHENYL TRICHLOROEYHANE (D.D.Y) AND BENZENE HEXACHRORIDE (BHC) ON THE MICROFLORA OF THE THREE TYPES OF SOIL.
» ABSTRACT The effect of pesticides, chchlorodipheny trichloroethane (DDY) and Benzene hexaxhoride (BHc) on the microflora of the three types of soil (l...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 72 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
5. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, PROXIMATE ANALYSIS AND NUTRIENT EVALUATION OF Thaumatoccocus daniellii (SWEET PRAYERS LEAVES) AND Musa accuminata (BANANA LEA...
» ABSTRACT Thaumatococcus daniellii and Musa accuminata are leaves used for wrapping foods and these herbs have some medicinal value. The affordability,...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 45 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
6. COMBINED EFFECTS OF PLAY-SIMULATIONS AND TEACHING WITH ANALOGY ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN CHEMISTRY
» ABSTRACT Excessive use of the lecture method in teaching science to secondary school students has been faulted by science educators: It leads to low a...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 122 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
7. A STUDY OF THE COMMON DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED BY STUDENTS IN CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL CLASS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN SAGON GARI L. G. A. OF KADUNA STATE
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study The technological advancement of any country depends on the scientific background of such country...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 59 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
8. investigating the dyeing of a standard bleached cotton fabric at variable temperatures
» CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION A dye is a deeply coloured organic compound, usually soluble in water. Insoluble coloured compounds are called pigments. ...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 38 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
9. EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS and ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF Mentha Spicata and Cymbopogon Citratus LEAVES
» ABSTRACT Evaluation of chemical composition of C. citratus and M. spicata, gave the following proximate composition on dry weight basis: moisture; (1....Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 79 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
10. The role of plants in the treatment of diseases caused by micro-organisms based in the natural products (pure and applied chemistry)
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUNG OF STUDY 1.1.1 Phyllantus This is a genus of the family Euphorbiaceae. It was first identified in Central and ...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 43 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT