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ABSTRACT
Previous studies have suggested an association of somatotype with body composition and
the organ dimensions among individuals and populations. However, the relationship of
somatotypes of medical students of Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria with body
composition, organ dimensions and some anthropometric variables has not been
evaluated. This cross-sectional study consisted of 350 apparently healthy medical
students of ABU, Zaria (175 males and 175 females) aged 18-35 years. Stature, four
skinfold sites, body mass, two bone breadths and two girths were measured according to
the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). The body
composition variables were computed using the Durnin and Wormersely method and
hepatobiliary dimensions were measured with an ultrasound machine. Chi-square test,
independent sample t-test, one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA), somatotype analysis
of variance (SANOVA), Pearson’s correlation, partial correlation and multiple linear
regression were used. P < 0.05 was set at the level of significance. The mean somatoype
was 1.61-4.28-3.04 (ectomorphic-mesomorph) for the males and 1.75-4.21-1.96
(balanced mesomorph) for the females and were significantly different (F=30.06,
p<0.001). Seven major somatotype categories were found irrespective of the sexes:
endomorphic-mesomorph, balanced-mesomorph, ectomorphic-mesomorph, mesomorph-
ectomorph, mesomorphic- ectomorph, balanced-ectomorph and central. There was a
significant association for male and female subjects based on the somatotype categories
(χ2 = 44.87, p < 0.05). The height, body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA),
skin folds, bone breadth and body composition variables showed significant sexual
dimorphism based on the dominant somatotypes (p< 0.05). The BMI, BSA, gall bladder
width, common bile duct diameter (CBDD) and body composition variables indicated
significant differences according to the age groups in the dominant mesomorphs and
xvi
ectomorphs (p< 0.05). Dominant endomorphy was positively correlated with some skin
folds and body composition variables in both sexes. Mesomorphy correlated positively
with upper arm girth, calf girth, BBH and BBF in both sexes. Ectomorphy showed more
sparing correlation with other variables, i.e., it showed a significant positive correlation
with BBH and BBF in male subjects only. No significant correlations were observed in
blood pressure and hepatobiliary dimensions with the dominant somatotypes. Tricep skin
fold, subscapular skin fold, and medial calf skin fold were the joint best predictors of
percent body fat in both sexes (R2= 0.999). In conclusion, the relationship between
dominant somatotypes with body composition, hepatobiliary dimensions and some
anthropometric variables have been established.
xvii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The interest in the classification and analysis of human physique or body types of
individuals and populations has a long history going back to the ancient Greeks,
Hippocrates (460-377 BC). Over the centuries, various systems for classifying physique
have been proposed, leading to the system called somatotyping as proposed by Sheldon et
al. (1940), and subsequently modified by others, notably Parnell (1958), Heath and Carter
(1967) and Carter and Heath (1990). Sheldon believed that somatotype was immutable
i.e., it relies solely on genetic basis, but the present view is that the somatotype is
phenotypical and thus amenable to change under the influence of both internal and
external factors such as growth (Carter and Heath, 1990), aging (Gakhar and Malik,
2002; Bhasin and Jain, 2007), sex (Kalichman and Kobliansky, 2006), nutrition
(Chakrabarty et al., 2008), physical activity (Chandel and Malik, 2012), occupation
(Singh and Singh, 2006), socioeconomic differences (Rahmawati et al., 2004; Singh,
2011) and pathological conditions (Williams et al., 2000; Eiben et al., 2004; Kalichman
et al., 2004).
The technique of somatotyping is used to appraise body shape and composition (Bailey et
al., 2009). The resulting somatotype gives a gestalt or quantitative summary of the
physique as a unified whole (Carter, 1996; Rajajeyakumar, 2015). Somatotyping is
defined as the quantification of the present shape and composition of the human bo
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