Abstract

The use of water melon seed in purifying waste water from Nigerian brewery, Kudenden, Kaduna – Nigeria was carried out and its application were obtained through relevant literatures reviews from other researchers. The seeds were obtained from local station market Kaduna, and they were sliced with laboratory knife and seed sun dried for several days, they were then grinded and its powder de-oiled by means of soxlet apparatus. The brewery effluent was collected from Kudenden factory and tested for initial waste water quality, the results obtained indicated gross pollution as pH = 2.11, B.O.D5 = 1290mg/l, turbidity = 28.80NTU chloride = 024.90mg/l, sulphate = 412.97mg/l some of these values were also found to above NESRA standards for environmental discharges (6-9, 500, 25, 600 and 4000mg/l respectively stipulated for pH, B.O.D5, turbidity, chloride and sulphate). Jar test was conducted using cake water melon of 0.5g, 1.0g, 1.5g, 2.0g, 2.5g and 3.0g sodium hydroxide of 4ml, 8ml, 12ml, 16ml, 20ml and 24ml after flocculation pH value improved from 2.11 to 8.6, turbidity from 25.80 to 10.20NTU, B.O.D5 from 1290mg/l to 500mg/l. The results thus showed effectiveness of water melon seed as coagulant and recommended its use in purifying brewery effluent with completion oil removal.    

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Water is a vital resource, but presents a worrisome depletion in recent times. Adequate water supply for human consumption is a concern, since most of this resource is found in oceans where the high salt contents makes it unsuitable for drinking. Factors such as growing population, increased economic activities and industrialization have resulted in high demand for drinking water and the subsequent misuse of this natural resource, which is severe. This hinders the treatability process and increases water treatment costs. For these reasons, coagulation-flocculation procedures associated with other process of great importance in order to separate contaminating components and achieving high degrees of drinking water quality.

Aluminum sulfate (alum) has been the chemical coagulant used for drinking water treatment due to low costs, attainability and comfortable handling. However, continuous use of alum has caused several problems affecting human health. Studies have shown that aluminum is one of the causes of Alzheimer’s syndrome (V. Rondeau, D. Commenges). In addition, aluminum sulfate generates inconveniences because of the large amounts of sediments, which may be regarded as highly hazardous waste (D.B George, S. Hall and H.Hall). Another adverse characteristic of aluminum sulfate is the permanence in the drinking water life-cycle that is present in natural water resources, animals, people and plants (J.D Birchall, C. Exley). Owing to the various problems generated by the use of alum, new alternatives for drinking water treatments should be studied (S. Syafalni).

Nigeria holds diverse natural resources, which various alternative methods to treat water. This study aims to promote the use of natural substances in drinking water treatments through easy applicable methods suitable for a small population that requires them. According to G. Folkard and J. Sutherland. in the past two decades innovative drinking water treatment strategy using natural coagulants has shown high reliability for coagulation-flocculation techniques achieving high efficiency in turbidity and color while providing additional advantages such as low cost and manageability, e.g Okra gun, Moringaceae – Moringa Oleifera and Moringa stenopetela have been used to clarify turbid water.

Pollution of water bodies is a major health issue in many fast growing cities where population growth far exceeds the rate of wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure (Meybeck, 1989). Estimates show that more than 90% of wastewater in developing countries undergoes no treatment (Homsi, 2000). Nigeria has few small capacity wastewater treatment facilities. Most of these are in poor operating conditions, leaving large volumes of untreated wastewater flowing through urban streams and drains. This has adversely streams and drains. This has adversely
affected the quality of surface water bodies in and around the main cities.

In Nigeria, most wastewater is generated mainly from domestic sources, as Nigeria’s industrial development is concentrated along the coastal where wastewater is disposed off into the ocean. However, in some inland cities like Kaduna. There are some limited industrial activities such as food processing (breweries. Soft-drink bottling factories) and light vehicle industries. Wastewater generated is disposed off into urban drains and gutters, which eventually ends up in urban streams. Some activities like farming, fishing, and domestic water use which rely on these sources of water are badly been affected.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

Most urban cities in Africa and Nigeria in particular are facing violation of statutory urban planning act which result to indiscriminate building in high densities areas conversion of designated industrial plots to residential is common. This is the situation in both Kakuri and Kudenden where brewery industry and others were sited. Surrounding communities and residents of the area complained of obnoxious releases of gases from brewery discharges, communities also complained of polluted stream water arising from colour, turbidity, forms temperature etc. Scientist discovered recently that aluminium sulphate, a well known coagulant is a major causative agent to cancer in human body. So also emphasis on generalizing ideas on discouraging a chemical process, through the fastest to recent biological process because of the adverse effect that it may later has on the environment from the chemical residues left behind.

In view of this research, it become necessary to investigate the possibility of using water melon seed/powder (a waste product from edible fruit) as coagulant in waste water treatment.

1.3     Significance of the Study

The study on the investigation of water melon seed as coagulant in purifying waste water is important not only to the affected communities (Kakuri and Kudenden, kaduna) but also of great benefit to federal environment agencies such as NESREA (National Environmental Standard Regulation Enforcement Agency) but also states and local government branches of these agencies as the purifying effect of water melon seed will be explored as its potential as coagulant in what the scientist referred to as conversion of wastes to useful resources.

Discovering its potential will also help in sanitizing our environment. Control of environmental degradation to bring about extinction of some less tolerant species of aquatic lives is assured. Water melon is fast growing crop/fruit especially in northern Nigeria.

1.4     Aim of the Study

This research work is aimed at investigating the possibility of using water melon seed as coagulant in the treatment of industrial waste water.

1.5     Objectives of the Study

The study is hoped to achieve the following objectives

i.                to investigate the purifying potential of water melon seed              

ii.              to ascertain the possibility of adopting the melon seed as coagulant in place of conventional chemical coagulant e.g. aluminum sulphate, ferric chloride, ferrous sulphate e.t.c.

iii.            to access best reaction regimes (to check whether its reaction is pH dependent)

1.6     Scope of the Study

The study will involve collection and analysis of brewery effluent before and after treatment with water melon seed using a jar sedimentation machine in the laboratory.

1.7     Limitation of the Study  

This study is limited to the use of water melon seed as coagulant only in the treatment of waste water from Nigeria brewery Kaduna with turbidity and B.O.Ds as yardsticks in performance evaluation. 

Abstract

The use of water melon seed in purifying waste water from Nigerian brewery, Kudenden, Kaduna – Nigeria was carried out and its application were obtained through relevant literatures reviews from other researchers. The seeds were obtained from local station market Kaduna, and they were sliced with laboratory knife and seed sun dried for several days, they were then grinded and its powder de-oiled by means of soxlet apparatus. The brewery effluent was collected from Kudenden factory and tested for initial waste water quality, the results obtained indicated gross pollution as pH = 2.11, B.O.D5 = 1290mg/l, turbidity = 28.80NTU chloride = 024.90mg/l, sulphate = 412.97mg/l some of these values were also found to above NESRA standards for environmental discharges (6-9, 500, 25, 600 and 4000mg/l respectively stipulated for pH, B.O.D5, turbidity, chloride and sulphate). Jar test was conducted using cake water melon of 0.5g, 1.0g, 1.5g, 2.0g, 2.5g and 3.0g sodium hydroxide of 4ml, 8ml, 12ml, 16ml, 20ml and 24ml after flocculation pH value improved from 2.11 to 8.6, turbidity from 25.80 to 10.20NTU, B.O.D5 from 1290mg/l to 500mg/l. The results thus showed effectiveness of water melon seed as coagulant and recommended its use in purifying brewery effluent with completion oil removal.    

You either get what you want or your money back. T&C Apply

Talk to us right now: (+234)906-451-7926 (Call/WhatsApp)

---