- The Complete Research Material is averagely 72 pages long and it is in Ms Word Format, it has 1-5 Chapters.
- Major Attributes are Abstract, All Chapters, Figures, Appendix, References.
- Study Level: BTech, BSc, BEng, BA, HND, ND or NCE.
- Full Access Fee: ₦6,000
Get the complete project »
![Download Code Ready Instant Download Active](https://codemint.net/assets/home/instantdownloadMain.png)
ABSTRACT
Sickle-cell Anaemia is a genetic disorder that leads to the production of Sickle haemoglobin, whichresults in abnormal functions of the red blood cell under hypoxic conditions.The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between Foetal haemoglobin, markers of tissue destruction and disease severity among individuals with sickle cell anaemia. Thirty seven adults with sickle cell anaemia with average age of 26.24±7.32 years were enrolled in this study. Twenty four of them were females while thirteen were males. Participants enrolled were individuals attending clinic at Haematology Department, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria who have been diagnosed with Sickle cell anaemia and were confirmed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Foetal haemoglobin was assayed using betke‟s alkali denaturation method and complete blood count was done using automated haematology analyzer. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and bilirubin concentration were determined by spectrophotometric method while disease severity was computed based on the scores obtained from the clinical and haematological data. From our findings, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in foetal haemoglobin (HbF) levels and LDH activity between individuals in steady state and those in crises condition. Also there was a significant inverse correlation between HbF levels and LDH activity (P= 0.01, r=-0.59) and between LDH activity and disease severity (P=0.01, r=0.42) but there was no significant (P>0.05) relationship between HbF levels & disease severity (P = 0.69, r = -0.07) and HbF levels & bilirubin concentration (P=0.78, r=-0.05).Therefore the present study suggested that HbF level has an inverse relationship with disease severity and tissue destruction. However, disease severity has a direct relationship with tissue destruction.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. Introduction
Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is a disorder of the Haemoglobin caused by inheritance of a single
abnormal haemoglobin (termed sickle haemoglobin- HbS) which results in physical and chemical
modifications of the haemoglobin molecule (Damanhouriet al., 2015). Under conditions of low
oxygen concentration, the sickle haemoglobin causes the red blood cell to become fragile and prone
to rupture. This condition causes the aggregation of haemoglobin (polymerization) and reduces the
overall capacity of the haemoglobin to convey oxygen to tissues by impeding free passage of blood
in the vessels (vaso-occlusion) to tissues. Increased rupturing of red blood cells leads to anaemia
(reduction in number of red blood cells) (Elias et al., 2012; Damanhouriet al., 2015).
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an enzyme of the glycolytic pathway that catalyzes the inter
conversion of pyruvate to lactate is found in abundance in all tissues. It consist of five (5)
isoenzymes forms classified according to their electrophoretic mobility. The concentration of these
isoenzymes varies from one organ to the other, with LDH1 and LDH2 found primarily in RBCs and
heart muscle (Ballas, 2013). There is increased level of LDH in the general blood circulation of
individuals with SCA. This is due to the increased breakdown of diseased RBCs and other tissues
and has been used as a marker of hemolysis and tissue damage. The haemolysis/tissue damage
increases further in individuals with Sickle cell anaemia in crises state (Kato et al., 2006; Ballas
2013). Numerous studies have associated SCA individuals with high LDH level to high prevalence
of pulmonary hypertension, renal failure and early death (Kato et al., 2013). High LDH observed in
this individuals is as a result of haemolysis and tissue destruction (Mehdiet al., 2013; Alzahriet al.,
1
2015). Despite the importance of LDH as a gold standard marker for tissue damage information
about LDH in population suffering from SCA in Nigeria is scarce.
SCA studies have shown that individuals with HbF>10% are regarded as having high HbF (Moreira
et al., 2015). SCA Individuals with high HbF, like those from eastern Saudi Arabia and India have
been found to experience mild clinical complications of the disease (Miller et al., 1986). Foetal
hemoglobin is a type of haemoglobin composed of two subunits of α- globin peptide chains, two
subunits of γ globin peptides and a heme moieties necessary for this molecule‟s oxygen-carrying
capacity. It is the dominant haemoglobin synthesized in the foetus (Sankaran and Orkin, 2013). It is
produced by a fraction of RBCs called F-cells that are able to produce HbF alongside other
haemoglobins. The F-cells have the advantage of longer life cycle compared to non-F-cells, and the
higher the HbF content the longer the life span of the F-cells. The long life span of F-cell is
associated with the characteristic of HbF which is able to resist polymerization caused by sickle
haemoglobin (HbS) (Colella&Traina, 2015). This has prompted studies into HbF composition from
other regions of the world, with the aim of understanding the role of HbF in ameliorating SCA
complications. Although the HbF levels are known in several populations around the world, only
fewstudies have examined HbF level in patients in Nigeria. Knowledge of the HbF levels will be
important in assessing the possible impact of introducing disease modifying drugs (DMD) on the
individuals with SCA in Nigeria.
SCA is known to exhibit great clinical diversity. Though the same disease, the effect of disease
complications vary significantly from one individual to another. The clinical variation at one
extreme are a group that may need close care and at the other end, are a group that may not require
any care. Classification of individuals into disease severity group can help detect which severity
group they belong and respective care given accordingly based on their need (Mpalampaet al., 2012).
2
Unlike in the developed countries where advancement in technology can be used to identify who will
need close attention, in developing countries these equipment‟s are not available (Okochaet al.,
2015). Because of this and many other factors the rate of morbidity and mortality is still high
You either get what you want or your money back. T&C Apply
![](https://codemint.net/assets/public/img/100-money-back-guarantee.png)
You can find more project topics easily, just search
-
SIMILAR BIOCHEMISTRY FINAL YEAR PROJECT RESEARCH TOPICS
-
1. EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAF AND ROOT OF ZIZIPHUS LOTUS L ON MULTIDRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA
» ABSTRACT Treatment of infectious disease is a major public health challenge due to the continual increase in drug resistance by microorganisms. Plants...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 102 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
2. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID) IN PINEAPPLE AND BANANA
» INTRODUCTION 1.1 HISTORICAL BACK GROUND Antibiotics are chemicals when the chemical are put into the body; they stop the growth of kinds of germs. The...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 38 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
3. EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF MONODORA MYRISTICA (AFRICAN NUTMEG)
» ABSTRACT This work evaluates the antioxidant potential of Monodora myristica (African nutmeg). Monodora myristica extract was obtained by solvent extr...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 76 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
4. EFFECTS OF KOLAVIRON ON LYMPHOCYTES PROLIFERATION, EXPRESSION OF TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR-2 AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR-C GENES IN Wuchereria ban...
» ABSTRACT The anti proliferative effect and down regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor C and toll like receptor 2 by kolaviron rich portion ...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 72 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
5. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF Rauwolfia vomitoria ROOT-BARK EXTRACT ON SEX HORMONES IN MALE AND FEMALEALBINO WISTAR RATS
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Plants have been considered as sources of medicinal agents, as it offers natural products useful for ...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 60 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
6. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL LEAVES AND STEM EXTRACTS OF Jatropha tanjorensis (Hospital Too Far) ON SOME LIVER FUNCTIONS OF MALE ALBINO...
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study Jatropha tanjorensis, commonly referred to as “hospital too far” or Ugu Oyibo in Igbo language be...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 57 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
7. EFFECTS OF SOIL EROSION IN EMERGING URBAN CENTRE OF AFUZE
» CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Soil erosion is a problem that needs to be controlled in order to forestall its danger in any loca...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
8. EFFECTS OF ETHANOL LEAVES EXTRACT OF Jatropha tanjorensis ON RENAL FUNCTION OF MALE ALBINO WISTAR RATS
» ABSTRACT This study is aimed at investigating effects of ethanol leaves extract of Jatropha tanjorensis on renal function of male albino wistar rats. ...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 59 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
9. QUALITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF S. aculeastrum SEED
» ABSTRACT Solanum aculeastrum is an important medicinal plant commonly known as soda apple, soda apple nightshade, goat apple, poison apple or more amb...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 24 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
-
10. EXTRACTION, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTI-MICROBIAL SCREENING OF WHITE STAR APPLE Crysophyllum albidum SEED OIL
» ABSTRACT Crysophylum albidum oil was extracted from its seed. The percentage yield was 2.56%. The characterization of the oil showed showed that the r...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT