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ABSTRACT
The anti-proliferative effect and down regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor
C and toll like receptor-2 by kolaviron rich portion of Garcinia kola on Wuchereria
bancrofti infected blood were investigated. Blood samples were collected from
consenting volunteers in Talata mafara, Zamfara State, Nigeria, between the hours of
10pm to 12am, stained with Giemsa and viewed microscopically for presence of
microfilariae. Wuchereria bancrofti positive blood samples were cultured in vitro for
72 hours using untreated group as negative control, doxycycline (2µg/ml) treated
samples as the positive control while the kolaviron (5µg/ml) treated group was the
tested group. Mitotic index, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C
(VEGF-C), toll like receptor- 2 (TLR-2) were determined using standard procedures,
in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mitotic index was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in
the kolaviron treated group compared to negative control. Kolaviron also significantly
(P<0.05) downregulated the expression of VEGF-C and TLR-2 when compared with
the untreated group. In both cases, the effects of kolaviron was not significantly
different (P<0.05) compared to that of doxycycline treated group. Furthermore, strong
positive correlations (r) between mitotic index, VEGF-C and TLR-2 expressions were
observed. The study concludes that kolaviron rich portion of Garcinia kola exhibited
anti-proliferative effect and down regulation of VEGF-C and TLR-2 in Wuchereria
bancrofti infected blood. Thus, the results from this study might have unravelled the
potential of kolaviron in the management of complications associated with lymphatic
filariasis.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Lymphatic filariasis, caused by parasitic Wuchereria bancrofti, is a mosquito borne disease
characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical manifestation such as temporal/permanent
disability and disfiguring leading to severe damage and painful swellings (lymphedema) of
the legs and genitals in the late stage of the disease (Hoerauf et al., 2011; WHO, 2012;
Gomase et al., 2013) and eventually stigmatization (WHO, 2013). Although the events
leading to the development of chronic pathology in lymphatic filariasis are not fully
understood, live filarial parasite and/or their products have a direct effect on lymphatic
endothelial cells and in the cells of the innate and adaptive immune system (Nutman, 2013).
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