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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Brucellosis is a global zoonotic disease associated with significant morbidity that can lead to
increased rates of spontaneous abortions in livestock and also poses a serious human health
hazard.1 Brucellosis is a disease of mainly cattle, swine, goats, sheep and dogs. The disease is
widely distributed throughout the developing world, considered to be a serious problem in at
least 86 countries.2 It is a severe zoonosis in North African countries3 and the Near East4
causing economic and livestock losses and affecting industrial production.5
The infection is transmitted to humans by animals through direct contact with infected
materials like afterbirth or indirectly by ingestion of animal products and by inhalation of
airborne agents. Consumption of raw milk and cheese made from raw milk (fresh cheese) is
the major source of infection in man. Most of the fresh cheeses are sheep and goat cheese.
Next to this it is considered to be an occupational disease for people who work in the livestock
sector. Human-to-human transmission is however very rare.6
Infections are caused by various bacteria of the genus Brucella, which tend to be host-
specific. However, most species of Brucella are able to infect other animal species as well and
some of them have zoonotic potential.7 In humans, brucellosis can be caused by B. abortus, B.
melitensis, B. suis biovars 1-4 and, rarely, B. canis or marine mammal Brucella. B. ovis, B.
neotomae, and B. suis biovar 5 have not been associated with human disease. The disease
affects cattle, swine, sheep and goats, camels, equines, and dogs. It may also infect other
ruminants and marine mammals. The disease in animals is characterized by abortions or
1
reproductive failure. While animals typically recover, and will be able to have live offspring
following the initial abortion, they may continue to shed the bacteria. Brucellosis in cattle (B.
abortus) in sheep and goats (B. melitensis) and in swine (B. suis) are diseases listed in the
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Terrestrial Animal Health Code.8
In endemic areas, human brucellosis has serious public health consequences. Worldwide,
Brucella melitensis is the most prevalent species causing human brucellosis, owing in part to
difficulties in immunizing free-ranging goats and sheep. In countries where eradication in
animals (through vaccination and/or elimination of infected animals) is not feasible,
prevention of human infection is primarily based on raising awareness, food-safety measures,
occupational hygiene and laboratory safety. In most countries, brucellosis is a notifiable
disease.2
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Brucellosis is a zoonosis of both public health and economic significance in most developing
countries. In many developed countries, the animal disease has been brought under control,
which has led to a subsequent decrease in the number of human cases. The occurrence of the
disease in humans is largely dependent on the animal reservoir. Where brucellosis exists in
sheep and goats, it causes the greatest incidence of infection in humans.10
Brucellosis, especially caused by Brucella melitensis, remains one of the most common
zoonotic diseases worldwide with more than 500,000 human cases reported annually9. In the
U.S., there are up to 200 new cases of human brucellosis annually.10
2
Investigations and reports have shown that brucellosis is endemic in Nigeria and evidence of
infection as well as frank outbreaks have occurred both in cattle11, 12and in human beings.13
An investigation also showed serological evidence of infection in goats in certain parts of the
country.14 Brucellosis in small ruminants (sheep and goats) has been reported in northern
Nigeria.13
Previous work on isolation of brucella in Nigerian livestock has indicated that Brucella
abortus has been the major species isolated from cattle13,14,15 and from sheep and goats.16-18
However, Brucella melitensis had been isolated from sheep and goat milk in Nigeria.19 There
were also serological reports of brucellosis in small ruminants in various parts of Nigeria.20
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