ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to determine the baseline antibody titre, isolate and characterize Salmonella species from apparently healthy individuals in Kaduna State, Nigeria. A total of 420 of each of stool and blood sample were collected from six Local Governments Areas (LGAs) of Kaduna State, with two LGAs from each Geopolitical Zones. All stool samples were cultured on Bismuth sulphite agar, and bacterial isolates where characterized. Widal slide agglutination and tube agglutination tests using Standard Salmonella “O” and “H” suspensions were carried out on the blood samples to detect the presence of antibodies to Salmonella species and their titres respectively. The result showed that a total of 338 out of the 420 participants had antibody titre ≥1:20 against Salmonella species giving a total prevalence of 80.5%. The remaining 82 (19.5%) had antibody titre <1:20. The result also showed that 29.5% (124/420) had antibody against Salmonella Typhi <1:20 while 70.5% (296/420) had antibody against Salmonella Typhi ≥ 1:20. Similarly, 53.3% (224/420) and 46.7% (196/420) had antibody levels against Salmonella Paratyphi A <1:20 and ≥ 1:20 respectively. Antibody titre <1:20 was seen in 54.1% (227/420) participants, while antibody titre ≥ 1:20 was seen in 45.9% (193/420) against Salmonella Paratyphi B. The antibody titre against Salmonella Paratyphi C of <1:20 was detected in 83.1% (349/420), while titre ≥ 1:20 was seen in 16.9% (71/420) of the participants. The frequency of occurrence of the antibodies to the different serotypes was generally higher in males with a range of 19-84% than in females with a range of 11-82%. Salmonella Typhi antibodies had the highest frequency of 87.6% for “H” antibodies and 84.0% for “O” antibodies, while Salmonella Paratyphi C antibodies had the least frequency with 18.6% and 21.0% for “C-O” and “C-H” agglutinins respectively. In this study, it was found out that participants in Giwa LGA which is a rural area from the Central Senatorial Zone had the highest prevalence (88.6%: 62/70) of Salmonella species antibodies while Zaria LGA which is an Urban area had the least prevalence of 67.1% (47/70). The result showed that the presence of antibody to Salmonella species varied significantly (χ2 =9.398, df =1, p =0.002) with gender, insignificantly with age (χ2=8.194, df =5, p =0.146), educational level (χ2 =3.097, df =3, p =0.377), and occupation (χ2 =5.612, df =3, p =0.132). Salmonella Typhi was isolated from a total of 3 stool samples with 1 positive sample each from Zaria, Giwa and Kagarko LGAs. None of Salmonella Paratyphi A, B or C was isolated in the study. The study found antibody titres against Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi B and Salmonella Paratyphi C up to 1:80 occurring in up to 5% of the study population, while antibody titres against Salmonella Paratyphi A up to 1:40 occurred in up to 5% of the study population. From the findings of the study, it is suggested that antibody titres greater than 1:80 against Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi B, Salmonella Paratyphi C, and antibody titres greater than 1:40 against Salmonella Paratyphi A should be the base

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