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ABSTRACT
Recent studies have incriminated the use of antibiotics in poultry feeds to be associated with
emergence of resistance among bacteria. The use of traditional plants remedies has not been
found to be associated with resistance. This work determined the inhibitory effects of extracts of
Khaya senegalensis and Vernonia amygdalina used in traditional poultry farming against
Salmonella sp, Escherichia coli, Proteus sp, Pseudomonas sp and Staphylococcus aureus. The
method of maceration was adopted to extract the plant materials with methanol (70%) and
sterile water as solvents for the extraction and phytoconstituents were screened. One gram of
each sample (poultry dropping) was inoculated in selenite F broth, peptone water and another
one gram each on nutrient broth and incubated at 35oC for 18-24hrs. These overnight cultures
were inoculated directly into Salmonella-Shigella agar, Brilliant green agar, MacConkey agar,
Manitol salt agar and Eosin methylene blue agar (EMB). After incubation at 37oC for 18-24hrs,
plates were read. Typical colonies were Gram stained using standard procedures, consequent
upon that, the isolated Gram negative and Gram positive organisms were subjected to
biochemical tests. Bioassay of the isolates was conducted and further subjected to the plant
extracts, using agar well diffusion method and conventional antibiotics using disc diffusion
method. Findings show the effect of the plant extracts with MICs/MBCs values of 6.25 for both
Khaya senegalensis and Vernonia amygdalina against S. aureus, E. coli, and salmonella sp,
while the MICs/MBCs values of 12.50mg/ml were obtained against Proteus sp, Pseudomonas
sp. This indicated that it can serve as an alternative to conventional antibiotics as used in poultry
production in Nigeria.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Most of the developing countries including Nigeria rely wholly or partly on traditional herbal
medicine for treatment and control of animal and human diseases (Sofowora, 1993). In
Nigeria, traditional veterinary practices play important roles in many areas (Kudi and Myint,
1999). Rural poultry farmers are aware of the need to keep birds in good health and when
they are sick to source for prescription and procure medicaments for treating rural poultry
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