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ABSTRACT
The in vitro antisickling effects of the crude methanolic extract, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, butanol,
and aqueous fractions of methanolic extracts of Dichrostachys cinerea and Sterculia setigera
were determined using different concentrates on sodium metabisulphite-induced sickled red
blood cells. The result showed that antsickling activity was both concentration and time
dependent, with highest activity observed at the longest time interval of 120 min, with the
exception of n-hexane concentrate of 0.1mg/ml and aqueous fraction of 0.2mg/ml of
Dichrostachys cinerea having a percentage unsickling effect of 38.46±1.4% and 33.39±1.4%,
respectively. The ethylacetate butanol, n-hexane, and aqueous concentrates of Dicrostachys
cinerea fractions showed a significant antisickling difference (p<0.05) when compared with
p-hydroxybenzoic acid, (PABA) as positive control. However, the butanol concentrate of
Sterculia setigera did not show any significant difference when compared with the positive
control. Osmotic fragility test was carried out in saline concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6,
0.9ml using extract concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5mg/ml. A significant difference was
observed in percentage inhibition of lysis in ethylacetate fraction of Sterculia setigera for all
saline concentration when compared with a standard drug, Ibuprofen. For butanolic fraction of
Sterculia setigera, there is no significant difference in percentage inhibition of haemolysis when
compared with Ibuprofen in all tested saline concentrations. N-hexane fraction of Sterculia
setigera showed a significant difference in percentage inhibition of haemolysis, when compared
with Ibuprofen. Also, a significant difference was observed in percentage inhibition of lysis
when compared with Ibuprofen. For ethylacetate fraction of Dicrostachys cinerea, a significant
difference was observed in all tested saline concentrations, when compared with Ibuprofen.
vii
However, in the butanolic fraction, no significant difference in percentage inhibition of
haemolysis was observed when compared to Ibuprofen. The n-hexane and aqueous fractions of
Dicrostachys cinerea showed a significant difference in percentage lysis in all tested saline
concentrations when compared with ibuprofen. The percentage methaemoglobin concentration
was analysed using extract concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1mg/ml. results showed that
no significant difference was observed in all fractions of both test plants, when compared with
the control. Elemental analysis was carried out using an AAS, the highest concentrations of Fe,
Zn, Cu, and Cr were observed in aqueous fraction of Dichrostachys cinerea with a concentration
of 287.20±0.00, 72.60±0.00, 57.20±0.00, 20.80±0.00 respectively, while the ethylacetate fraction
has the least concentrations of the elements. Methanolic extracts of D. cinerea and S. setigera
showed the highest antisickling activity. Aqeous fraction of S. setigera showed the highest
methaemoglobin reduction property, while methanolic extract showed the best methaemoglobin
reduction effect. Membrane protection activity was best in butanol fraction of D. cinerea, but
methanolic extract of S. setigera had the highest membrane protection activity. The aqueous
fraction of D. cinerea had the highest mineral concentration, while butanolic fraction of S.
setigera had highest concentration of minerals. .
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Overview
From time immemorial, humans have always relied on plants that can meet their basic
necessities; such as food, shelter, fuel and health. Of all the numerous uses attached to plants,
their therapeutic abilities played an inevitable part in the lives of primitive societies, as they
relied on plants for healing ailments. The knowledge of the healing powers of plants was initially
passed down orally through generations, and as civilizations grew written records were prepared
for the benefit of the population (Malla and Chhetri, 2009). A wide majority of herbal plants
possess pharmacologically active compounds that could have potential therapeutic activities
against various human, animal and even plant diseases, in addition to their food and nutritional
values (Ogbonnia, et al., 2008). World Health Organization reports that 70% – 80% of the world
population relies on traditional medicine for primary health care. In recent years, research has
been focused to find novel compounds from plant, animal and
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