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SUMMARY
Like hypertension, adults with prehypertension are known to have higher prevalence of other cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, with about 93% of prehypertensive subjects having more than one other CVD risk factors and it progress to hypertension over time. It is also associated with sub-clinical CVD. Hypertension is now recognized as one of the most important CVD contributing about 40% of these diseases in the continent of Africa. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of prehypertension among adults attending GOPD of Specialist hospital Bauchi.
A hospital based cross sectional study with a sample size of 410 consisting of adults aged 18 years and above was carried out. Systematic random sampling was used to obtain the required sample size. The study was based on WHO and JNC-7 classification of blood pressure.4 Multi-sectional questionnaires was administered to collect information. Bivariate analysis of the association between the explanatory and outcome variable were carried out and assessed using Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval; variables in a binary screening found at p-value ≤ 0.005 are found to be statistically significant.
The prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension among the study participants was found to
be 29.9% and 57.8% respectively. And the prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension among males is higher than in females (59.3% and 55.8%) and (34.6% and 23. 6%).There is statistical association with some socio demographic variables like age, sex, as well as family history of some medical conditions like hypertension, sudden death, stroke and diabetics.
The study revealed that the socio-behavioral risk factors for hypertension were common, so
provision of health education & setting up of and strength a surveillance system for hypertension and its risk factors and further extended studies including biological risk factors; is necessary to reduce the burden of hypertension in the survey population.
Keywords: Adult Prehypertension, hypertension, Determinants
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The relentless worldwide spread of non-communicable disease poses a major challenge, which
threatens the health and economics of all countries. In 2001, cardiovascular disease (CVD) was
the number one cause of death worldwide.1 The global CVD epidemic is rapidly evolving, with
the burden of disease shifting toward developing countries , as twice the deaths due to CVD now
occur in developing countries as in developed countries.2 Unlike the developed countries, the
justifiable alarm about the spread of HIV/AIDS and the old foes such as TB that are still posing
formidable challenges in many developing countries, the epidemics of CVD have insidiously
established themselves without attracting global attention or local action.3
The risk for developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) increases progressively with an
individual's rate in rise of blood pressure, but the age at which BP crosses the arbitrary threshold
of hypertension depends on prior BP levels (hence "pre-hypertension"). This prompted the
United States of America’s Joint National Committee On Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and
Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-7) to promulgate the concept of ―pre-hypertension‖,
(which is defined as a systolic and diastolic blood pressure range of 120-139/80-89 mmHg
respectively) into guideline for the management of blood pressure in 2003.4 The term pre-
hypertension was coined in 1939 by Robin and Brucer based on their study,5 which showed
that future hypertension will originate from pre-hypertension and that the mortality rate of
people with pre-hypertension roughly double that of individuals with normal blood pressure
(<120/80mmHg); however they did not formulate treatment guideline for pre-hypertension.
Following their postulation various terminologies have been used to describe pre-hypertension
1
including ―transient hypertension‖ in 1940s,6 borderline hypertension in 1970s,7 high normal
blood pressure in 1990s,8 and most recently pre-hypertension in 2003.4 Regardless of the
terminology, this condition is a precursor of hypertension and is associated with excess
morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease.6,7
The prevalence of pre-hypertension is high worldwide and varies with differences in socio-
demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors of the population studied.7 The
prevalence of pre-hypertension among U.S. adult population was 31% in 2004.9 A cross-
sectional study among adult family practice population in Canada show prevalence of pre-
hypertension of 30.6% in 2008.10 The prevalence of pre-hypertension among Ghanaian adults in
the Ashanti region of Ghana, West Africa was found to be 40% in 2008.11 A retrospective study
among newly presenting diabetics in Maiduguri, Nigeria show a prevalence of 36% in 2008.12
The prevalence rates of 58.7% (men 59.2%, women 58.2%) was observed among adult Hausa
and Fulani ethnic groups in Sokoto, Nigeria in 2010.13
Like hypertension, adults with pre-hypertension are known to have a higher prevalence of other
Cardiovascular disease risk factors, with about 93% of pre-hyp
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