- The Complete Research Material is averagely 79 pages long and it is in Ms Word Format, it has 1-5 Chapters.
- Major Attributes are Abstract, All Chapters, Figures, Appendix, References.
- Study Level: BTech, BSc, BEng, BA, HND, ND or NCE.
- Full Access Fee: ₦7,000
Get the complete project »

SUMMARY
Patients with HIV experience high mortality and severe morbidity if co-infected with
tuberculosis. This is especially true in countries of sub-Saharan Africa like Nigeria with high
burden of both diseases where diagnostic capacity for TB in HIV positive patients is poor. Early
diagnosis and treatment has been identified as an important strategy to mitigate these effects. A
cost and cost-effectiveness analyses of TB diagnostic strategies to reduce this adverse outcomes
was carried out.
A decision analysis model was developed to estimate the incremental cost, Life years gained, and
cost-effectiveness of 3 TB diagnostic algorithms. The base case scenario was an algorithm
relying on sputum smear, and chest radiography, which was compared to algorithms featuring
newer TB diagnostics (GeneXpert MTB/Rif and MODS). All relevant costs from a National TB
programme perspective using the timeframe of the first 6 months of ART was considered. We
conducted a one-way sensitivity analysis on parameters in the model.
When considering TB diagnosis and treatment costs, the cost per patient was $126.39 for current
practice, $76.96 for the algorithm with Xpert test, and $88.62 for the algorithm with MODS. Life
years gained was 0.9 for all 3 algorithms. The results showed that both new TB diagnostic
methods were more cost effective than base case scenario. The algorithm with Xpert test was
cheapest to achieve similar effectiveness compared with the MODS and base case. Sensitivity
analyses indicated that cost-effectiveness findings were robust.
This study showed that Xpert was cost-effective compared to MODS and base case algorithm.
Thus, these findings provide support for ongoing efforts to expand TB diagnostic capacity with
GeneXpert MTB/Rif.
xi
Key Words: HIV, tuberculosis, tuberculosis diagnosis, cost, cost- effectiveness, sub-Saharan
Africa, Nigeria
xii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious communicable disease caused by the bacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). It most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but
may also affect other parts of the body such as the spine, lymph nodes, brain, bone joints,
meninges and kidneys (extra-pulmonary TB).1
TB is a global health priority. Globally, 9.6 million new cases of TB occurred in 2014 with 1.5
million TB deaths.2 HIV infection is the most significant risk factor for the development of TB.
This is because HIV causes the reactivation of latent TB and predisposes infected individuals to
acquire new TB infections. TB on the other hand, is also known to accelerate HIV infection into
AIDS. This is one of the reasons why TB/HIV co-infection results in greater morbidity and
mortality.3,4 People living with HIV are 26 times (20 - 30) more likely to develop TB disease
than those who are HIV negative.5,6 Of the estimated 9.6 million incident TB patients in 2014,
12% (1.2 of 9.6 million) are infected with HIV. About half a million of these incident TB
patients have multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB), which is characterized by rapid deterioration
and high mortality in HIV positive patients. Sub-saharan Africa is disproportionately affected
with 74% of the 1.2 million HIV positive TB cases and 390,000 deaths in 2014.2,7 This
represented 25% of all deaths attributed to TB and one third of the deaths attributed to
HIV/AIDS. In Nigeria, the prevalence of TB was estimated at 330 per 100,000 population2 while
mortality was 44 per 100,000. Nineteen percent of TB cases were HIV positive.2
You either get what you want or your money back. T&C Apply

You can find more project topics easily, just search
-
SIMILAR PUBLIC HEALTH FINAL YEAR PROJECT RESEARCH TOPICS
-
1. INCIDENCE OF GASTRO-ENTERITIS AMONG CHILDREN 1 – 5 YEARS MALALI LOW-COST KADUNA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT KADUNA STATE
» ABSTRACT The study was designed to determine the incidence of gastro enteritis in Danwaire Street Kaduna South Local Government of Kaduna State of Nig...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 47 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT
-
2. LEVEL OF ACCEPTANCE OF PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING AMONGS ADULT MALES IN ELELE, RIVERS STATE
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that early diagnosis of cancer greatly affects trea...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT
-
3. attitude of pregnant mother towards exclusive breastfeeding in P.H.C Television Kaduna.
» CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The world health organization’s infant feeding recommendation defines exclusive breastf...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 55 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT
-
4. DRUG ABUSE AND IT’S EFFECT IN ANAMBRA STATE
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study According to Wikler (1961:78), drug addiction, “is the overwhelming involvement with use of...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT
-
5. SERO-PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH TOXOPLASMOSIS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN RECEIVING ANTENATAL CARE IN PLATEAU STATE
» SUMMARY Toxoplasmosis, one of the TORCH’s infections in pregnancy is caused by Toxoplasma gondii an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite wh...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 84 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT
-
6. PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOFT SOAP FROM LOCAL POTASH (NGU) OR CAUSTIC POTASH LABORATORY OR COMMERCIAL GRADE LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
» CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION The metal salts of the high molecular weight organics acids that occurs in fats as esters are called “soap” s...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT
-
7. THE PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBSAG) IN PREGNANT WOMEN, ATTENDING PRIMARY HEALTH CARE CLINIC UNGUWANMU’AZU KADUNA SOUTH KADUNA STAT...
» CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Hepatitis B infection is caused by the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), the virus is passed through blood, serum, sexual contact ...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 28 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT
-
8. THE PRESENCE OF HEPATITIS B ENVELOPE ANTIBODY IN PATIENTS WHO HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY SCREENED FOR THE SURFACE ANTIGEN.
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION A virus is a small infectious agent having a simple acellular organization with a nucleic acid and aprotein coat.It lacks ind...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT
-
9. KNOWLEDGE AND PREVALENCE OF HUMAN AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS AMONG RESIDENTS OF KACHIA GRAZING RESERVE, KADUNA STATE 2012.
» SUMMARY Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a vector borne parasitic disease transmitted to humans by bites of infected tse tse flies. It is one of...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 89 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT
-
10. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INCOME GENERATION AMONGST LEPROSY DISABLES AND NORMAL PERSONS LIVING IN A LEPROSY VILLAGE SETTLEMENT
» ABSTRACT The shift of the paradigm of rehabilitation to Community Based Socio economic Rehabilitation has paucity of literature to support the bases. ...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 82 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT