ABSTRACT

Tridax procumens Linn is a tropically distributed medicinal plant of the family Aseteracceae. The plant bears daisy-like yellow centered white or yellow flowers with three toothed ray florets. The leaves are toothed and generally arrow head shaped. It fruit is a hard achene covered with stiff hairs and having a feathery, plume-like white pappus at the end. Calyx is represented by scales or reduced to pappus. The antimicrobial activity of the isolated compound (IS-1) obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction of this plant was evaluated using Agar well diffusion method against test organisms which included Escherichia coli. Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus, aureus, and Streptococcus pneumonia. Incubation was carried out for 24hours, 48hours and 72hours. At 24hours, the concentrations of 20μg/ml, 10μg/ml, and 5μg/ml gave zones of inhibitions of 12mm, 10mm, and 5mm respectively for Escherichia coli, 10mm, 6mm, and no zone respectively for Salmonella typhi, 5mm, 3mm, and no zone respectively for Staphylococcus aureus, 3mm, 6mm and 8mm respectively for Streptococcus pneumonia. No zones were obtained for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At 48 hours, Zones of inhibition were noticed at 20µg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while other concentrations used gave zero zone of inhibition. At 72hrs, all organisms were inhibited at all concentrations except at 5μg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among all the sample used which included crude extract, ethyl acetate extract, isolated compound (IS-1) and standard Streptomycin, Streptomycin had the highest antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli followed by the Isolated compound (IS-1). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown to be highly resistant to the isolated compound (IS-1) with inhibition zones of 0mm, 4mm and 5mm. The order of decreasing sensitivity of microorganisms to isolated compound was from Escherichia coli to Salmonella typhi to Streptococcus pneumonia, to Staphylococcus aureus, to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           i          

Certification -  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           ii

Dedication      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           iii

Declaration      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           iv

Acknowledgement      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           v

Abstract                      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           vi

Table of contents        -           -           -           -           -           -        -              -           vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           1         

1.1       Problem Statement      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           2

1.2       Antimicrobials -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           4

1.2.1    Types and Sources of Antimicrobials -           -           -           -           -           4

1.3       Tridax procumbens     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           5

1.4       Phylogeny (Scientific Classification)  -           -           -           -           -           5

1.5       Common Names                     -           -           -           -           -           -           5

1.6       Description      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           6

1.7       Cultivation/Distribution          -           -           -           -           -           -           8

1.8       Chemical Constituents            -           -           -           -           -           -           8

1.9        Human Uses-           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           9

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       Literature Review       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           11

2.1       Phytochemical Review           -           -           -           -           -           -           11

2.1.1    Nutritive Composition            -           -           -           -           -           -           11

2.2      Antimicrobial Activity -           -           -           -           -           -           -           12

2.2.1    Agar Well Diffusion Method -           -           -           -           -           -           13

2.3       Wound Healing Activity        -           -           -           -           -           -           15

2.4       Anti-Cancerous Activity         -           -           -           -           -           -           16

2.5       Immuno-modulatory Activity -           -           -           -           -           -           16

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       Materials and Methods           -           -           -           -           -           -           17

3.1       Materials         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           17

3.1.1    Disposable Materials   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           17

3.1.2    Non-Disposable Materials       -           -           -           -           -           -           17

3.1.3    Reagents/ Solvents Used        -           -           -           -           -           -           19

3.1.4    Standard Antibiotics   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           19

3.2       Methods          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           19

3.2.1    Collection and Authentication of Plant          -           -           -           -           19

3.2.2    Extraction           -       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           19

3.2.3     Partitioning of the Extract     -           -           -           -           -           -           20

3.2.4    Column Chromatography       -           -           -           -           -           -           20

3.2.5    Gradient Elution Pattern         -           -           -           -           -           -           20

3.2.6    Structural elucidation of isolates        -           -           -           -           -           21

3.2.7    Tests for physical constants    -           -           -           -           -           -           21

3.2.7.1 Optical Rotation         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           21

3.2.7.2 Refractive Index           -        -           -           -           -           -           -           21

3.2.8    Test for Antimicrobial Activity          -           -           -           -           -           21

CHAPTER FOUR               

4.0       Results            -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           24

4.0.1    Extraction and Yield  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           24

4.0.2    Chromatography Result               -     -           -           -           -           -           24

4.0.3    Physical Constant of Isolate   -           -           -           -           -           -           25

4.0.4    Antimicrobial Results -           -           -           -           -           -           -           26

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           31

5.1       Conclusion      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           32

5.2       Recommendation        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           33

References

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Percentage yield of 50% ethanolic extract of T. procumbens          -           24       

Table 2: Table of Physical Constants of Isolate (IS-1)           -           -           -           25

Table 3: Zone Of Inhibition for 24 Hours      -           -           -           -           -           26

Table 4: Zone Of Inhibition for 48 Hours      -           -           -           -           -           26

Table 5: Zone of Inhibition for 72 Hours       -           -           -           -           -           27

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1: Image of Tridax p

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