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ABSTRACT
The preventive effect of dietary inclusion of Hyphaene thebaica fruit at 0%, 2.5%, 5% and
10% on colon carcinogenesis initiated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induction for
twelve (12) weeks was evaluated. After twelve (12) weeks of treatment, the colon and liver of
rats administered H. thebaica fruit included diet showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the
activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) when
compared with MNU control group. A dose-dependent decrease in the extent of lipid
peroxidation was observed in the colon and liver of dietary inclusion of H. thebaica fruit
treated groups. A significant (p<0.05) increase in packed cell volume, haemoglobin count,
red blood cell, platelet level were observed in dietary inclusion of H. thebaica fruit treated
groups when compared with MNU control group, while a significant (p<0.05) decrease in
white blood cell, neutrophil and lymphocyte concentration were observed in dietary inclusion
of H. thebaica fruit treated groups when compared with MNU control group. Histological
observation of colon and liver tissue sections showed focal area of inflammatory cells in the
MNU control group, while dietary inclusion ofH. thebaica fruit fed groups, showed milder to
no tissue damage, while a statistically significant (p<0.05) decrease in Carcino-Embryonic
Antigen (CEA) levels was observed in the group fed with dietary inclusion of H. thebaica
fruit compared with MNU control group. Immunohistochemical observation of the colon
tissue sections showed no expression of Mut L-Homolog gene (MLH1) in MNU control
group, while mild to moderate expression ofMLH1 in the groups treated with dietary
inclusion of H. thebaica fruit. These results indicate the positive potential of dietary inclusion
of H. thebaica fruit to prevent oxidative stress caused by free radical generation and hence,
preventing the process of chemically induced colon carcinogenesis by boosting the
endogenous antioxidant system. A better preventive effect was observed in the group treated
with highest percentage of dietary inclusion ofH. thebaica fruit (10% of H. thebaica fruit).
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. An estimated 14.1million new cancer cases
occurred in 2012 (GLOBOCAN, 2012). Lung, female breast, colorectal and stomach cancers
accounted for more than 40% of all cases diagnosed worldwide (GLOBOCAN, 2012).
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