ANTITRYPANOSOMAL ACTIVITIES OF ACACIA NILOTICA AND KHAYA SENEGALENSIS AND THE HAEMATOLOGICAL PROFILE OF TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI BRUCEI INFECTED WISTAR RATS

ANTITRYPANOSOMAL ACTIVITIES OF ACACIA NILOTICA AND KHAYA SENEGALENSIS AND THE HAEMATOLOGICAL PROFILE OF TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI BRUCEI INFECTED WISTAR RATS

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ABSTRACT

This study was aimed at investigating antitrypanosomal activities and haematological profile

of crude extract and fractions of the stem bark of Acacia nilotica and Khaya senegalensis

plants against Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected Wistar rats with a view to determining the

phytochemical constituents and LD50    of Acacia nilotica and Khaya senegalensis,

antitrypanosomal activities of crude extract of Acacia nilotica and Khaya senegalensis

against Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected Wistar rats, antitrypanosomal activities of the

plant fractions administered to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected Wistar rats and

haematological profile of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected Wistar rats, before and after

administration of crude extract and fractions. The phytochemical constituents and toxicity of

the stem bark of both plants were determined by the standard method and the

LD50respectively. The methanolic extracts and fractions of the plants was administered to the

Wistar rats intraperitoneally daily and the parasitaemia count was determined using the rapid

matching method. PCV, WBC and differential counts were determined before and after the

administration to ascertain any significant differences. The phytochemical constituents of the

stem barks of Acacia nilotica and Khaya senegalensis crude extracts and fractions revealed

the following secondary metabolites; Alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, cardiac glycosides,

saponins, triterpene, carbohydrates and flavonoids. The LD50 for the crude extract of the stem

bark of Acacia nilotica was 707.1mg/kg body weight while the LD50 for the fractions (N-

hexane, ethyl acetate and N-butane) was 547.7 mg/kg, 387.3 mg/kg and 707.1 mg/kg body

weight respectively. The LD50 for the crude extract of the stem bark of Khaya senegalensis

was 547.7mg/kg body weight while the LD50 for the fractions (N-hexane, ethyl acetate and

N-butane) was 387.3 mg/kg, 547.7 mg/kg and 223.6 mg/kg body weight respectively. The

stem barks of Acacia nilotica and Khaya senegalensis crude extracts (100, 200, 300 and

400mg/kg body weight) and fractions (50, 100, 150 and 200mg/kg body weight) had

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antitrypanosomal activity. Parasites were cleared from circulation within 12 days of

treatment. Haematological indices of Acacia nilotica and Khaya senegalensis in

Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected Wistar rats showed that there was no statistical

significant change in the packed cell volume, white blood cells and differential counts before

and after treatment with all doses of the crude extracts and fractions. The findings in this

study provide very useful source for biopharmaceutical industries for the development of

antitrypanosomal agents from the stem bark of Acacia nilotica and Khaya senegalensis for

therapeutic intervention in the control of African trypanosomiasis. There is need for further

extensive work on these plants using different Trypanosoma species in the management of

African trypanosomiasis.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                       INTRODUCTION

African Trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness) is caused by trypanosomes which is

found in Sub-Saharan Africa and is threatening more than sixty million lives on daily

basis (Abdullahi and Emmanuel, 2012). Trypanosomes are protozoan parasites in the

family Trypanosomatidae. Most trypanosomes are transmitted by the vector, tsetse flies

(Glossinia spp) which are found only in Sub-Saharan Africa, between latitudes 14o N and

20o S (Bernard and Alain, 2012). The parasites include Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, (cause Human African Trypanosomiasis). Other

trypanosomes primarily affect animals include Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma

vivax, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma simiae and Trypanosoma godfreyi

(Bernard and Alain, 2012).

Nigeria‟s natural habitation is made up of both savannah and tropical rainforest, which

falls within the endemic area in Africa i.e. between latitude 150Nand 290 S. The diverse

flora offers a wide spectrum of unique medicinal plants. There are varieties of studies of

Nigerian plants used in the traditional management of trypanosomiasis, indicating

significant anti-trypanosomal activity (in-vitro/in-vivo); some of which the metabolites

responsible have been isolated and reported (Atawodi et al, 2003).

Trypanosoma brucei brucei are unicellular parasites transmitted by the tsetse fly. They

are the causative agent of African animal trypanosomosis (AAT), also known as Nagana.

Trypanosoma brucei brucei is the etiological agent for sleeping sickness which is one of

the most serious protozoan diseases in Africa (Antia et al., 2009; Simarro et al., 2011).


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