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ABSTRACT
This study was aimed at investigating antitrypanosomal activities and haematological profile
of crude extract and fractions of the stem bark of Acacia nilotica and Khaya senegalensis
plants against Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected Wistar rats with a view to determining the
phytochemical constituents and LD50 of Acacia nilotica and Khaya senegalensis,
antitrypanosomal activities of crude extract of Acacia nilotica and Khaya senegalensis
against Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected Wistar rats, antitrypanosomal activities of the
plant fractions administered to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected Wistar rats and
haematological profile of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected Wistar rats, before and after
administration of crude extract and fractions. The phytochemical constituents and toxicity of
the stem bark of both plants were determined by the standard method and the
LD50respectively. The methanolic extracts and fractions of the plants was administered to the
Wistar rats intraperitoneally daily and the parasitaemia count was determined using the rapid
matching method. PCV, WBC and differential counts were determined before and after the
administration to ascertain any significant differences. The phytochemical constituents of the
stem barks of Acacia nilotica and Khaya senegalensis crude extracts and fractions revealed
the following secondary metabolites; Alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, cardiac glycosides,
saponins, triterpene, carbohydrates and flavonoids. The LD50 for the crude extract of the stem
bark of Acacia nilotica was 707.1mg/kg body weight while the LD50 for the fractions (N-
hexane, ethyl acetate and N-butane) was 547.7 mg/kg, 387.3 mg/kg and 707.1 mg/kg body
weight respectively. The LD50 for the crude extract of the stem bark of Khaya senegalensis
was 547.7mg/kg body weight while the LD50 for the fractions (N-hexane, ethyl acetate and
N-butane) was 387.3 mg/kg, 547.7 mg/kg and 223.6 mg/kg body weight respectively. The
stem barks of Acacia nilotica and Khaya senegalensis crude extracts (100, 200, 300 and
400mg/kg body weight) and fractions (50, 100, 150 and 200mg/kg body weight) had
vi
antitrypanosomal activity. Parasites were cleared from circulation within 12 days of
treatment. Haematological indices of Acacia nilotica and Khaya senegalensis in
Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected Wistar rats showed that there was no statistical
significant change in the packed cell volume, white blood cells and differential counts before
and after treatment with all doses of the crude extracts and fractions. The findings in this
study provide very useful source for biopharmaceutical industries for the development of
antitrypanosomal agents from the stem bark of Acacia nilotica and Khaya senegalensis for
therapeutic intervention in the control of African trypanosomiasis. There is need for further
extensive work on these plants using different Trypanosoma species in the management of
African trypanosomiasis.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
African Trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness) is caused by trypanosomes which is
found in Sub-Saharan Africa and is threatening more than sixty million lives on daily
basis (Abdullahi and Emmanuel, 2012). Trypanosomes are protozoan parasites in the
family Trypanosomatidae. Most trypanosomes are transmitted by the vector, tsetse flies
(Glossinia spp) which are found only in Sub-Saharan Africa, between latitudes 14o N and
20o S (Bernard and Alain, 2012). The parasites include Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, (cause Human African Trypanosomiasis). Other
trypanosomes primarily affect animals include Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma
vivax, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma simiae and Trypanosoma godfreyi
(Bernard and Alain, 2012).
Nigeria‟s natural habitation is made up of both savannah and tropical rainforest, which
falls within the endemic area in Africa i.e. between latitude 150Nand 290 S. The diverse
flora offers a wide spectrum of unique medicinal plants. There are varieties of studies of
Nigerian plants used in the traditional management of trypanosomiasis, indicating
significant anti-trypanosomal activity (in-vitro/in-vivo); some of which the metabolites
responsible have been isolated and reported (Atawodi et al, 2003).
Trypanosoma brucei brucei are unicellular parasites transmitted by the tsetse fly. They
are the causative agent of African animal trypanosomosis (AAT), also known as Nagana.
Trypanosoma brucei brucei is the etiological agent for sleeping sickness which is one of
the most serious protozoan diseases in Africa (Antia et al., 2009; Simarro et al., 2011).
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