ABSTRACT

Traffic congestion is a severe problem in many major cities across the world and it has become and nightmare for the commuters in these cities. The conventional traffic light system is based on fixed time concept allotted to each side of the junction which cannot be varied as per varying traffic density thereby causing more time wasted. It is in this view that density base traffic light control system is design which make use of infrared transmitter and infrared receiver that are install on the side of the road to sense the number of vehicles entering a particular lanes and also sense a number of values leaving the lanes at the same time, and check the lane with the highest number of vehicles thereby sending signal to microcontroller to initiates action based on the input signals.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Titlepage       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           i

Declaration   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           ii

Certification  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           iii

Dedication     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           iv

Acknowledgement   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           v

Abstract         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           vi

Table of Contents     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           vii

List of Tables            -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           xi

List of Figures           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           xii

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           1

1.1       Background of the Study    -           -           -           -           -           -           1

1.2       Statement of the Problem    -           -           -           -           -           -           1

1.3       Objectives of the Study       -           -           -           -           -           -           2

1.4       Significance of the Study                -           -           -           -           -           2

1.5       Scope of the Study   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           3

1.6       Limitations of the Study     -           -           -           -           -           -           3

1.7       Organization -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       Literature Review    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           5

2.1       Introduction              -           -           -           -           -           -           -           5

2.2       Review of Related Works   -           -           -           -           -           -           5

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       System Analysis and Design Methodology         -           -           -           9

3.1       System Description  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           9

3.2       Design Details          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           10

3.2.1   Power Supply Unit   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           11

3.2.2   The Transformer      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           12

3.2.3   The Bridge Rectifier            -           -           -           -           -           -           -           14

3.2.4   Smoothing or filter Capacitor        -           -           -           -           -           16

3.2.5   The Voltage Regulator        -           -           -           -           -           -           18

3.2.6   The Sensor Array     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           19

3.2.7   How the Infrared Sensors Work    -           -           -           -           -           20

3.3       The Microcontroller Unit   -           -           -           -           -           -           21

3.3.1   PIC 16F887 Micro Controller        -           -           -           -           -           22

3.3.2   Memory Organization and Register          -           -           -           -           25

3.3.3   Input and Output Ports        -           -           -           -           -           -           26

3.3.4   Oscillator Module    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           27

3.3.5   Electrical Characteristics of PIC16F886  -           -           -           -           28

3.3.6   Traffic Light Indicators       -           -           -           -           -           -           29

3.4       Flow Chart for the System  -           -           -           -           -           -           32

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1       Introduction  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           34

4.2       Testing           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           34

4.2.1   Testing for continuity          -           -           -           -           -           -           34

4.2.2   System Test   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           34

4.2.3   Short Circuit Test     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           35

4.2.4   Component Test       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           35

4.3       Discussion of Results          -           -           -           -           -           -           35

4.3.1   Layout of Infrared Sensors -           -           -           -           -           -           37

4.3.2   Design Simulation    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           38

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Conclusion, Challenges, Solutions and Recommendations      -           42

5.1       Conclusion    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           42

5.2       Challenges     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           42

5.3       Solutions       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           43

5.4       Recommendations   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           44

References    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           45

            Appendix       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           47

 

 

 

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1:      Data Sheet of LM7805 showing absolute maximum

rating -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           18

Table 3.2        Electrical characteristics for LM7808      -           -           -           19

 

 

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 3.1:          Block Diagram of the Density based traffic light control          10

Fig. 3.2           Road layout for cross road intersection in Uyo Metropolis-    10

Fig. 3.3:          The block Diagram of 5VDC Regulated Power Supply Unit     11

Fig. 3.4           Picture of a Transformer and Symbol of a Transformed                       13

Fig. 3.5:          Physical Diode and its symbol       -           -           -           -           14

Fig. 3.5b       

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