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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Alcohol
is a psychoactive drug that has a depressant effect. People have been
brewing and fermenting alcoholic drinks since the dawn of civilization.
Consumed in moderate amount, alcoholic beverages are relaxing and in
some cases may even have beneficial effects in heart, health, consumed
in excess alcohol is poisonous to human systems and is considered a
drug. When people take (drink) alcohol, it is absorbed into their
bloodstream. It affects the central nervous system (the brain and
spinal cord), which controls virtually all body functions. The
immediate physical effects of drinking alcohol range from mild mood
changes to complete los of co-ordination, vision, balance and speech,
any which can be signals of acute alcohol intoxication or drunkenness.
These effects usually wear-off in a matter of hours after a person stops
drinking (American Journal of Addiction, 2003).
The word
‘alcohol’ probably has its origin in Arabic meaning ‘a fine dust’ or
‘essence’. There are four main types of alcohol:
METHYL ALCOHOL - CH3 OH
ETHYL ALCOHOL - C2 H5 OH
PROPHL ALCOHOL - C3 H7 OH
BUTYL ALCOHOL - C4 H9 OH
ETHYL
Alcohol is the one that is the spirit in intoxicating drinks, and its
concentration ranges from 4 to 59%. Alcohol has very valuable
antiseptic properties, and when used outside the body is very useful
chemical (A guide to family health, 1983).
An alcohol
beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol.
Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes: Beers,
Wines and Spirits. They are legally consumed in most countries, and
over one hundred countries have laws regulating their production, sale
and consumption. In particular, such laws specify the minimum age at
which a person may legally buy or drink them. This minimum age varies
between sixteen and twenty-five years, depending upon the country and
the type of drink. Most nations set it at eighteen years of age
(International Center for Alcohol Policies. Retrieved 2009: Minimum
age limit worldwide). The production and consumption of alcohol occurs
in most cultures of the world, from hunter-gatherer peoples to
nation-states (Arnold, 2005). Alcoholic beverages are often an
important part of social events in this cultures (European Beer Guide,
2006).
According to WHO (2012), in many parts of the world, drinking
alcoholic beverages is a common feature of social gatherings.
Nevertheless, the consumption of alcohol carries a risk of adverse
health and social consequences related to its intoxicating, toxic and
dependence – producing properties. In addition to the chronic diseases
that may develop in those who drink large amounts of alcohol over a
number of years, alcohol U.K. is also associated with an increased risk
of acute health conditions such as injuries, including from traffic
accidents.
There is a general believe that alcohol performs a number
of services that have become almost indispensible to modern society and
living. In as much as alcohol is a reliable means for social
integration, as well as symbol of social solidarity and also lubricant
for social intercourse during which it provides the much needed
atmosphere for the exchange of ideas, information and discussion of
politics, the ills or detriment of excessive alcohol intake cannot be
ignored or overlooked.
Historically doctors have promoted
alcohol for its perceived health benefits and most recently for
protection against coronary heart disease. There is evidence of
cardiovascular benefits from drinking one to two drinks per day;
however, the health benefits from moderate intake of alcohol are
controversial. Alcohol should be regarded as a recreational drug with
potentially serious adverse effects on health and it is not recommended
for cardio-protection in the place of safer and proven traditional
methods such as exercise and proper nutrition (Sunkiewic & Welglarz,
2009). Larger amounts of blood alcohol can impair brain function and
eventually cause unconsciousness. An extreme overdose of alcohol
poisoning can be fatal. Alcohol taken in excess can depress brain
activities to the point where memory muscular co-ordination and balance
can be disturbed hence the reason for concern as regards this situation
amongst students with emphasis on University of Benin students.
Purposeful production of alcoholic beverages is common in
many cultures and often reflects their cultural and religious
peculiarities as much as their geographical and sociological
conditions. The discovery of late Stone Age beer jugs has established
the fact that purposely fermented beverages existed at least as early as
C. 10,000 B.C. (Patrick, 1952).
Alcohol is used by
certain persons for several reasons, based on several factors. Its use
is related to factors ranging from emotional, social, religious,
physical, to psychological. Some of the reasons why people take alcohol
therefore includes:
· To quench thirst
· To promote sleep
· To spice up social gathering
· To improve appetite
· To kill anxiety
· Influence from other people
· To relieve pains
Other
reasons such as curiosity or wanting to be part of the group. Some
drink because it makes them feel better or older or because it gives
them certain image among friends. Some people need to be drunk everyday
just to get through the day, because they are dependent on alcohol. But
in this study our focus is on male and female students of the University
of Benin.
Statement of the Problem
It is interesting
to know that excessive intake of alcohol is detrimental to the health
and wellbeing of an individual, and students who are supposed to be
enlightened still indulge in drinking alcohol excessively. This brings
to mind the need to know why this is so, hence the reason for this
research. The consequences and effects of excessive alcohol intake is
too high and this the researcher hopes to find out in this study.
Research Questions
1. Is excessive intake of alcohol responsible for deviant behaviours amongst students?
2. Is alcohol responsible for student’s poor academic performances?
3. Is the intake of alcohol influenced by home problem?
4. Do alcohol influenced by peer group loyalty?
5. Is alcohol responsible for student’s improved state of mind?
6. Is the excessive intake of alcohol by students induced by the desire to eliminate fear?
Purpose of the Study
The
major aim for this study is to find out the influence of excessive
intake of alcohol and its consequences on the health and wellbeing of
the students of UNIBEN. To point out the effects of excessive intake of
alcohol on the students, and how it affects them academically,
physically and otherwise.
Significance of the Study
The
study centers on the effects, consequences and factors influencing
excessive intake of alcohol amongst UNIBEN students while still in
school or on campus. To enable us discover these reasons and effects so
that they can be addressed and dealt with to avoid the hazard or
disadvantages it brings to students and the educational system as a
whole, due to the fact that alcohol affects the brain and performance of
students.
Delimitation/Scope of the Study
This study
was delimited to the male and female students of the Faculty of
Education and Social Science, University of Benin, Benin City.
Limitation of the Study
Difficulty
in getting current or recent materials related to this study. Students
nonchalant attitude and biased response while sharing and collecting
the questionnaire.
Definition of Terms
Alcohol: According to
new Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, it is the clear liquid that is
found in drinks such as beer, wine, etc. and is used in medicines,
clearing products, etc.
Alcoholics: A person who regularly drinks too much alcohol or suffers from a physical disorder caused by this.
Ferment:
To experience a clinical change because of the action of yeast, or
bacteria, often changing sugar to alcohol; to make something change in
this way. Sugar is converted with alcohol by a process of fermentation.
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