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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The liver is the largest internal organ and the most complex in the body. It plays an important role in maintaining the internal environment by its many and varied functions. The liver is involved in many vital functions such as metabolism, secretion and storage. The hepatitis or an inflammatory disorder involves inflammation and changes in hepatocytes. Hepatitis is one of the most widespread diseases in the world. Each year, 18,000 people were reported to die from cirrhosis of the liver caused by viral hepatitis (Wang et al., 2008). storing the ectopic fat occurs in obesity, in particular, in the liver leading to a condition known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by the degree of liver injury progressing steatosis to steatohepatitis , fibrosis and necrosis variable. Because of its obvious association with insulin resistance / obesity, NAFLD is considered the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Liver has a great capacity to detoxify toxic and synthesizes useful principles. Therefore liver damage caused by hepatotoxic agents has serious consequences. Experimental studies have reported that animals fed a high fat diet (HFD) for more than two months to develop weight, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and insulin resistance (IR). Moreover, the consumption of a diet rich in calories results in fat accumulation, excessive inflammatory cytokine production and macrophage infiltration that promotes the progression of liver disease. Many medicinal plants / native plant were identified and established as agents hepato.
Desmodium velutinum is a medicinal plant in the world. extract of Desmodium velutinum showed a significant anti-pyretic activity in experimental rats used. Desmodium velutinum is rich in alkaloids and related amino compounds. It is a source of flavonoids, saponins and a pharmacologically active agent useful in the treatment of pain. It also showed that one of the uses is for erecting improve the property. Desmodium velutinum being one of the important medicinal plant in the world may have an effect on the liver. However, limited studies are available on the velutinum Desmodium of treatment effect on the hepatoprotective effect of the extract on high fat fed animal diet. In this regard, the present study was to investigate the effect of Desmodium ethanol extract of stem velutinum on Liver function tests on albino Wistar rats fed with high fat related to different hepatoprotective effect by comparing it to a known drug, atorvastatin the treatment that is used for lowering cholesterol levels in the blood. Since the changes in the concentration and composition of plasma lipids and lipoproteins frequently occur in liver disease, these results could be useful for monitoring the clinical course of patients with liver disease of various causes.
Liver disease is associated with characteristic changes in the lipid composition of the plasma lipoprotein particles of the surface layer. Cholesterol accumulate as liver secretion of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase decreases, these abnormal circulating lipoproteins tend to induce corresponding changes in the lipid composition of the cell membrane. Studies in human and experimental liver disease confirm that this happens and that it is widespread. low-density lipoproteins, which are high in cholesterol can also be taken by the liver and extrahepatic tissues by endocytosis mediated by the receptor that recognizes specifically apolipoproteins. We can provide that extra hepatic dysfunction membrane may be a general feature of severe liver disease. It is proposed that several cell disorders and metabolic abnormalities accompanying result of liver disease from or are exacerbated by lipoprotein induced changes in the lipid composition of the membrane and its function. Therefore Desmodium velutinum can be a source of a pharmacological agent useful in the treatment of high cholesterol levels in the blood that got the liver and nutritional protection value.
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