KADUNA STATE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           i

Dedication                  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           ii

Declaration      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           iii

Project Approval         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           iv

Acknowledgement      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           v

Table of content          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           vi

Abstract          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   Introduction        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           1

1.1   Aim         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           4

1.2   Objectives           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           4

1.3 Statement of Research Problem    -           -           -           -           -           -           4

1.4   Justification         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           5

CHAPTER TWO

2.0   Literature review-           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           6

2.1   An automated Teller Machine (ATM machine)  -           -           -           -           6

2.2   History and invention of ATM machines           -           -           -           -           6

2.3   ATMs contact surfaces   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           7

2.4   Hygiene   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           8

2.5 Poor personal hygiene       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           8

2.6   Cross contamination       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           9

2.7   Outbreak associated with ATM contact surfaces-          -           -           -           9

2.8   Contributing factors to illness-   -           -           -           -           -           -           10

2.9 Enteric Bacteria    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           13

2.1.1 Selected genera of the Family Enterobacteriaceae       -           -           -           16

2.1.2Escherichia coli- -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           16       

2.1.3 Salmonella species.        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           21

CHAPTER THREE

3.0  Materials and methods     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           23

3.1  Sampling sites      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           23

3.2   Sample collection            -           -           -           -           -           -           -           23

3.3   Media preparation           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           24

3.4   Bacteriological Procedures         -           -           -           -           -           -           24

3.4.1   Serial dilution   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           24

3.4.2   Inoculation and incubation of samples            -           -           -           -           25

3.4.3  Gram staining    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           26

3.5   Biochemical tests            -           -           -           -           -           -           -           27

3.5.1   Citrate utilization test  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           27

3.5.2   Indole test        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           27

3.5.3   Methyl red test -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           27

3.5.4   Voges-Proskauer test   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           28

3.5.5   Triple sugar iron test    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           28

3.5.6   Urease test       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           28

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   Results    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           30