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Abstract
The civil society and civil society organizations, have sacrificed
their existence, goals and objectives to the course of the fight towards
socio-political development in Nigeria. To this effect, they have made
relentless effort and provoking arrangements, to ensure that the goals
and objectives for which they are set up are achieved to a considerable
extent. Hence in the course of their activity towards achieving this
goal, they discovered that there are lots of factors undermining
socio-political development in Nigeria and hence sought to put an end to
them. Issues such as; poverty, corruption, unemployment and human
rights violation have been a thorn on the neck for socio-political
development in Nigeria and until this is made history, the Nigeria
socio-political development will remain a mirage. Having discovered
these problems, the civil society organizations have continued to fight
these problems to a standstill to ensure that the development dream of
the Nigerian socio-political sector is kept alive as we will see through
the activities of the Civil Liberties Organizations (CLO).
In our attempt to analyze and investigate the problem associated with
this research work, we adopted the structural functional theory as our
theoretical framework while the secondary method and documentary
research was used for gathering and analyzing data. This research work
on the Impact of civil society organization on the socio-political
development (An appraisal of the Civil Liberties Organization) was
carried out to ascertain the impact civil society organizations make on
Nigeria’s socio-political development and hence making useful suggestion
that would further enhance socio-political development.
This study was divided into five (5) chapters. Chapter one (1) talked
about the Background of the Study, statement of problem, objectives of
the study, significance of the study, hypotheses, methods of data
collection and analysis, scope and limitation of the study as well as
operationalization of concepts or terms. Chapter two (2) contains
Sub-topics bothering on civil society organizations and democracy in
Nigeria, stressing more on the origin and development of civil society
organization in the post military Nigeria. This chapter further
highlighted the dimensions of civil society organizations, with also the
analysis of the objectives and roles of civil society organization.
Chapter three (3) bothered on issues such as the driving forces of civil
society organizations in Nigeria, this entails issues like; the
perversity of corruption in Nigeria, the scourge of poverty and
unemployment in Nigeria and of course the prevalence of human rights
violation in Nigeria.
Chapter four (4) talked about the case study or appraisal of this
research work, which is; the civil liberties organization and
socio-political development. Further treating sub-topics like; civil
liberties organization and the war against corruption in Nigeria, where I
discussed the role civil liberties organization play in the fight
against corruption in Nigeria.
The chapter further analysed the role of civil liberties organization
against the backdrop of poverty and their influence in poverty
alleviation programme in Niegria. The chapter concluded with the role of
civil liberties organization in the protection of human rights in
Nigeria. The fifth chapter (5) which is the last but not the less
interesting, includes the summary of this research work, the conclusion
and of course recommendation, where the researcher recommended points
that would enable effective and efficient participation of civil society
organization and subsequently increased growth in the socio-political
development of Nigeria.
Chapter One
General Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
The topic “The Impact of Civil Society Organization on Nigeria‟s
Socio-Political Development: An Appraisal of Civil Liberties
Organization”, was induced by the level in which the various civil
society organizations in the country have strived to combat those issues
that have continued to undermine the country‟s bid to social and
political development over the years. George Soros, in his book: The Age
of Fallibility, Observes that society is suspicious of those who claim
to be virtuous and not without justification. The claim of being
virtuous is very controversial and is a characteristic of most civil
society organizations. Whether they live up to this virtuous claim or
not, is open to value judgment, subjectivity and as Soros argues that
the burden of proof is certainly that of
the claimant. The implication is that it is misleading to make a
sweeping assessment of the civil society organization and their
activities. However, it is very necessary to check the extent to which
they have made impact to improve public welfare, strengthened cultural,
social, economic and political life-wire of the society.
It is also right to say that since the dawn of participatory democracy,
the rights of citizens such as the freedoms of expression and of
association are seen as sacrosanct. Often, these rights are provided in
the constitution and other extart laws of the country. When people
outside the corridors of power freely exercise these rights by
volunteering to pursue a valued course or by protecting against a
government policy, they double and are recognized as civil society group
or organization. This tends to lend credence to the assertion of Abbie
Hoffman who said many years ago that:
Democracy is not something you believe in or a place to hang your hat,
but its something you do, you participate. If you stop doing it,
democracy crumbles (1963:30).
A significant problem in most developing countries is over
centralization of decision making and the lack of stakeholders
involvement that permit patronage of powerful special interests and high
levels of corruption. Scholars are agreed that lack of stakeholder
buy-in attenuates the policy process, decreases efficiency and this
in-turn affects economic growth. This is where civil society can play a
major role by contributing to greater transparency and accountability.
Civil society is a “space” where function is to mediate between the
individual and the state while there may not be a clear cut definition
of civil society; they more or less agree that it comprises institutions
such as religious organizations, labour unions, charity organizations,
community groups, non profits and the media. In advanced and virile
democratic systems, these institutions supplement formal processes such
as voting and help citizens shape the culture, politics and economies of
their nation. Civil society organization tends to strengthen and raise
the capacity of citizens to address social, economic and political
developmental challenges.
Hence in this study, we attempt to expose or bring to limelight, the
impact of these civil society organizations on the socio-political
development of Nigeria, laying emphasis on the civil liberties
organization (CLO). The Civil Liberties Organization (CLO) was
established in 1987 as one of Nigeria‟s largest human rights
organization. Its formation and emergence can be credited to a renowned
Nigerian radical lawyer Olisa Agbakoba (SAN). The civil liberties
organization investigates human rights abuses and campaigns, through
litigation, publications and communication with the government on behalf
of people whose rights have been abused. It has published a number of
reports on police brutality, military decrees, government impunity, the
death penalty and annual reports on the human rights situation in
Nigeria. Its legal aid project has represented over 4,000 indigent
victims of human rights abuses. The organization also undertakes human
rights education through its empowerment project, conducting clinics and
seminars on rights issues. The government is extremely active in
lobbying the government through dialogue and public censor and launching
campaigns to end specific government abuses, hence providing an avenue
for socio-political development in Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of Problem
The Civil Society Organizations play prominent role as the mouth-piece
of the citizens on issues affecting the people and the society at large,
especially in the case of policies and ideas, that might threaten the
peaceful co-existence of the citizens and hinder the socio-political
development of the society. In Nigeria, the existence of repressive and
unpopular governments for more than 20 years serve as impetus for the
emergence and proliferation of organizations that seek to challenge the
legitimacy of policy, programmes and ultimately the existence of these
government. No doubt, the existence of these organizations, assisted
considerably to open up space for the expression of dissenting opinions
and what could be regarded as alternative voices. Unfortunately this
very character and attribute has come to serve as a shield for some
opportunistic and self-centered civil society organizations.
Key assumptions that connotes legitimacy to the existence of civil
society organizations is that they are expected to be knowledge driven,
which means that actors, or at least members have requisite skills to
investigate problems of society, proffer solutions and develop plans to
facilitate buy on, by other segment of society and government. To this
effect, some questions were raised in the course of this study,
questions as; what is the problem prompting the study? Which ends up
seeking to find the solution to the questions below:
i. Is there any relationship between civil society organizations and democracy?
ii. Is bad governance the driving force of civil society organizations in Nigeria?
iii. To what extent has the civil liberties organization influenced the socio-economic and political development in Nigeria?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The major objectives of this research is to assess the impact of the
civil society organizations, on Nigeria‟s development. The specific
objectives of the study are:
i. To establish the relationship between civil society organizations and democracy.
ii. To ascertain if bad governance is the driving force of civil society organizations in Nigeria.
iii. To determine the extent the civil liberties organization has
influenced the socio-economic and political development of Nigeria.
1.4 Literature Review
The activities of civil society organizations have over the years
engineered several forms of development in Nigeria. Activities ranging
from protecting against certain government policies to the organization
of seminars, conferences and enlightenment programmes to educate the
masses or citizens on the various human rights and how to kick against
abuse on such rights. Civil society organizations, through protest and
campaigns have over the years worked to bring about accountability in
government, in the sense that the government has become more accountable
and responsible as a result of the eye cast on it by the civil society
organizations, hence bringing about people oriented policies that
further bring about development in the country.
Furthermore, civil society organizations as it relates to their impact
on socio-political development have been subjected to different
scholarly views in an attempt to ascertain the level of relationship or
disparity that exist between the activities of civil society
organization and Nigeria‟s socio-political development. On a plain or
level ground or better still in a layman‟s term, socio-political
development can be seen or comprises of two factors; social development
and political development, otherwise known as socio-political
development. Social development
on the one hand refers to a broad term that describes actions that are
taken to build positive outcomes and prevent negative social outcomes
that can adversely affect a community. These outcomes includes issues
ranging from crime, poverty, gang activity, school disengagement, teen
pregnancy, addictions and substance abuse, obesity, poor health,
environmental degradation etc. The aim of social development is to
improve the availability of support systems in the community that
prevent negative outcomes before they occur or buffer (lessen) their
impact. For example rather than reacting to crime after it has already
happened, measures are taken within the community that prevent crime
from ever occurring.
Good prevention starts with parents before they have children and very
directly once conception has occurred. Evidence suggested that negative
environments not only affect pregnant mothers but can very directly
alter the architecture of the brain of the unborn child. Social
development is about creating environment that enable children and youth
to thrive and not merely survive. In other words, social development
refers to the ability to create an enabling environment or building a
conducive environment for man to survive, while political development on
the other hand refers to a durable shift in ideas or institutions that
alters the feasible set of options open to solving political problems.
The study of political development can also be understood as the study
of the evolution of the structures of the state, in correspondence with
the changes occurring in the economic and social dimensions of group
life. Political development has been defined in many ways that reflect
the passage of societies and analysts preoccupations. One formulation
dwells on the emergence of national sovereignty and the integrity of the
state, demanding respect and upholding commitments in the international
system. Others identify the domestic attributes of constitutional order
and political stability, attained through the formation of a settled
framework of government, reliable procedures for leadership succession
and a consolidation of the territorial administrative reach of
government.
Political development enhances the states capacity to mobilize and
allocate values or resources to process policy inputs into implementable
outputs. This assists with problem – solving and adaptation to
environmental changes and goals realization. The concemporary notion of
good governance also dwells on efficient, effective and non-corrupt
administration. Social and political development seems to work
hand-in-hand, hence this research topic seeks to find out the impact of
civil society organization in the socio-political development of
Nigeria, using the civil liberties organizations as an appraisal.
Bratton (1994:5) has warned of the dangers in appropriating a venerable
concept such as civil society when trying to explain contemporary
African politics. The dangers arise not only from the fact that the
concept evolve on a distinctly European historical and cultural
Milliuex, but also because its usage by political philosophers has
changed dramatically overtime.
This point was undermined by Pelcynske (1984:3) when he opined that “few
social and political concepts have traveled so far in their life and
changed their meaning so much”. The practical dimensions of the dangers
are evident on the work of analysts such as Mersha (1990:2) and Gold
(1990:20) who tried to apply the concept to non-western politics
(Ethiopia and China) and found it “unwieldy” and “complex” respectively.
Although there is some degree of elusiveness and fugitility in the
nature and meaning of civil society, the difficulty in application
experienced by some scholars
may not be unconnected to the tendency to adopt a “Eurocentric” mind set
with its emphasis on individualism and libertarianism when
operationalising the concept in non-western settings, rather than
conceive of the concept as but one particular example of thinking
politically about conflict, how it is carried out, and who has the
„right‟ to engage in it” (Calaghy, 1994:237) viewed from this
perspective, civil society as we still see after exploring the layers of
perceived meanings with which the term is burdened, is a useful formula
for analyzing state – society relations, not just because it embodies a
core of universal beliefs and practices about the legitimation of and
limits to state power, but also because “it provides a vantage point for
the study of political practices and social movements, as well as
establishing the connections between power contestation and the response
of the state” (Chandhoke, 1995:41).
Civil society organization is part of the approach that appears in
academic literatures today, here, it regards the society as a certain
arena or area of society, the public space between the state and the
households, where groups constituted at a level beyond the family engage
in public political activity (Bryant, 1990:6), Bratton, 1989:417).
Although such political activity may be motivated by the quest for
private advantage, it is not “private in the sense of being confined to
the domestic or household arena. Instead, it is considered „public‟ in
two senses. It entails collective action in which individuals join to
pursue shared goals; and it takes place in the institutional commons
that lie beyond the boundaries of the household. A characteristic
feature of this public space is the normative notion of civility defined
not just in terms of simple courtsey and good manners, but a readiness
to moderate particular individual and parochial interests in
consideration of some common good through
which other‟s basic rights and interest would be protected. It is the
acceptance of such collectivity and responsibility to the common good
and the positive value of activities meant to safeguard it that are
deemed to be at the core of civility and form what Still (1991:13) calls
the fundamental virtue of civil society organizations. As John Dewey
might have it:
Only by participating in the common intelligence and sharing the common
purpose, as it works for the common good, can individual human beings
realize their true individualities and become truly free.
Since the dawn of participatory democracy the rights of citizens such as
the freedoms of expression and of association are seen as sacrosanct as
I further stated this rights gives individuals and members of the
society the freewill to join any organization that represent their
interest. Hence in Nigeria, there are so many civil society
organizations, they include the following: The Alliance for credible
elections (ACE – Nigeria), Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC), Supreme
Council of Islamic Affairs (SCIA), Christian Association of Nigeria
(CAN), Trade Union Congress (TUC), Nigeria Bar Association (NBA), United
Action for Democracy (UAD), Transition Monitoring Group (TMG),
Electoral Reform Network (ERN), Nigeria Union of Journalists (NUJ),
Civil Liberties Organization (CLO), Movement for the Survival of the
Ogoni People (MOSOP), Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign
State of Biafra (MASSOB) etc, But this research work will place more
emphasis on its case study, The Civil Liberties Organization (CLO) in
subsequent chapters. All these organizations mentioned above, all
perform various functions in making sure the government is accountable
and responsible to the people by check-making their policies and acting
as watch –dogs on the government which will further bring about
socio-political development.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This research work will provide relevant answers to the bothering thoughts of scholars who are interested in this topic.
Moreso, it will also provide guideline to policy makers as regards to
the kind of policies they make, that will match the desires of a society
and subsequently the various civil society organizations in Nigeria. If
the policies made or adopted by a particular government in power, does
not go down well with the people it might trigger reactions by the
various civil society groups, whose impact can marr the government. But
if the policy is a good one, then the government would receive the
applause and support of these groups.
Hence, this research work would help enhance the ideas and understanding
of scholars and students alike, who are interested in this topic as the
impact of civil society organizations would be studied and then one
would know what kind of impact to expect from civil society
organizations when certain policies are made. It is imperative therefore
to note at this point that these impacts could be negative or positive,
depending on the goals, objectives, demand, aspiration and modus
operandi (modes of operation) of these civil society organizations or
groups.
1.6 Theoretical Framework
There are several modes or theories used in the analysis of the
political system or phenomenon by political scientists. But this study
sees more appropriate
the use of Gabriel Almond‟ Structural Functional Model as a tool for
analysis. The structural functional model primarily concerned itself,
with the maintenance of order and stability in the society and the
necessary arrangement within the society which maintain the said order
and stability. Structural functional analysis originated in the
biological and mechanical sciences of part of systems analysis. It was
adopted and adapted as a mode of analysis in sociology and anthropology
as its evident in the work of Emile Durkheim and Talcott Parsons. It was
developed in political science by Gabriel Almond; S.P. Verma who
stresses that structural fucntionalism revolves around two main
concepts; functions and structures on the basis of which three basic
questions could be posed.
1. What basic functions are fulfilled in any given political systems?
2. By what structures?
3. Under what conditions?
Functions have been defined by Merton Robert as those observed
consequences which make for the adaptation or adjustment of a given
system S.P. Verma notes that while functions deal with the consequence
involving objectives as well as processes or patterns of actions.
Structures refer to the arrangement within the system, which performs
the functions. The basic assumption of the structures function framework
is that all system has structures, which can be identified and these
structures perform functions within the system, necessary for existence.
Thus, it is perceived by Gabriel Almond that all political system
regardless of which they are remains in existence. In various political
systems, these functions may be performed by different kinds of
political structure and sometimes even by structures, which are of
overtly, recognizes as being primarily political. Verma notes that there
is no one
correspondence between functions and structures. A particular function
may be fulfilled by a complex combination of structures just as
structural arrangement may perform functions which might have different
kinds of consequences for the structure in the analysis of the political
systems, the analyst compare not simply the political structures since
these may not actually be the mechanisms through which all the necessary
functions are being performed or they may not be performing the
functions originally allotted to them.
Structural functional analysis tries to shift the focus of analysis away
from the observable institutional political mechanisms to any area
where the actual performances of the functional requirement of the
system are located. Political systems are therefore compared in terms of
the manner in which structures perform the expected functions in the
society. All political systems are
therefore perceived to perform two basic functions: Input and Output functions.
There are four input functions, which includes:
1. Political socialization and recruitment.
2. Interest articulation.
3. Interest aggregation.
4. Political Communication.
These are three output functions, which includes:
1. Rule making
2. Rule application
3. Rule adjudication
All input functions are seen as being performed by non-governmental
organization or system of the society such as: pressure groups, interest
groups, schools, family, political parties, independent newspapers,
civil society organization etc. The output functions are all
governmental and it is the governments and their
bureaucracies which make rules (Legislate), apply rules (administer) and
adjudicate between individuals and groups (interpret) on the basic of
rules. Political systems can therefore be analyzed and compared in terms
of the degree to which their political structures are specialized,
whether specific functions are performed through particular structure
can perform a number of functions. In some political system such as
those of the advanced industrial nations of American and Europe,
structures are specialized, political roles differentiated and function
specific.
In summary, it is to be noted that why the yard stick by which systems
are measured consist of the functions which are performed by the
political system the units which being analyzed and compared are the
various structure which compose individual political systems. The
analyst should attempt to see which structures or institutions fulfill
the functions which are
ascribed to all political systems. Take interest aggregation as an
example, it is defined as the way in which demands are combined in the
form of alternative cause of action. In the combination various types of
structures can play a part. Civil society organizations are perhaps the
structures which usually attempt to combine and process demand under
liberal democracy. Moreover, other groups such as trade unions, interest
groups or non – governmental organizations can also achieve the same
goal, sometimes alone, sometimes in collaboration with one another.
These civil society organizations, perform input functions as stated
above, placing demand on the government in other to achieve the set
goals or objectives for which they were established.
1.7 Hypotheses
With references to the questions formulated at the statement of problem, the following hypotheses have been derived.
i. There appears to be a strong relationship between civil society organizations and democracy
ii. Bad governance is the driving force of civil society organizations in Nigeria.
iii. The civil liberties organization has influenced socio-economic and political development of Nigeria.
1.8 Method of Data Collection/Analysis
The method of data collection used in this work is the secondary source
of data. It implies the visitation to libraries, journals, newspapers,
textbooks, and articles from the internet. Since the method of analysis
is the secondary mode, the method of analysis is the qualitative method,
which implies that it is more of explanatory theories.
1.9 Scope and Limitations of the Study
The scope of this study covers the activities of civil society
organizations in Nigeria, with particular attention on the civil
liberties organizations (CLO). Many of these civil society organizations
tend to have branches nationwide of which civil liberties organization
(CLO) is an is not an exception, but what helped in this research work
was that their activities are narrowed, having one founder and a
narrowed ideology, similar interest, goal and objective.
In the course of this research work, I encountered a lot of problems,
that limited the scope and idea of the study, because the author of this
work is not an island of knowledge, he therefore depended on library
works, where there where few books, relating to the research
topic. Other activities in school, made sure the author had little time
given to this work. But it is a thing to be grateful to God for, as this
work turned out to be a success.
1.10 Operationalization of Concepts
In the study, some social, political and societal terms were adopted and
applied in relation to the subject matter. They include the following:
Political Development: Broadly the development of the institutions,
attitudes and values that form the political system of a society.
Society: The English word “society can be stretched or narrowed to
cover almost any form of association of persons possessing any degree of
common interests, values or goals.
Democracy: The “government of the people, by the people for the people”, based in a nation “conceived
in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created
equal, has had so many definitions, but none has been as simple, yet
comprehensive as the one given above by one time. American President,
the famous Abraham Lincoln (1809-65) at Gettysburg in November 19, 1863.
Poverty: This is the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money.
Human Rights: This is related to civil rights, natural rights,
people‟s right and civil liberties, insofar as all of them are concerned
are concerned with the rights and liberties of individuals and groups
within a free society.
Good Governance: This is an indeterminate term used in international
development literature to describe how public institutions and
government conduct public affairs and manage public resources for the
betterment of the entire society.
Bad Governance: The opposite of good governance, involve the
mismanagement and misconduct of affairs that would enable development
and positive growth in the society.
Development: The all-round inter-connected progressive transformation
of man, society and nature made possible by his incremental mastery over
them.
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