TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Title Page        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           i

Certification    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           ii

Dedication      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           iii

Acknowledgements    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           iv

Table of Contents       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           vi

List of figures  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           x

List of Table    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           xi

Abstract          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           xii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1        The background of the Study -           -           -           -           -           -           1

1.2              History Background information of Esit Ekid People -         -           -           2

1.3              Classification of Ekid  Language       -           -           -           -           -           4

1.4              Statement of the Research Problems  -           -           -           -           -           6

1.5              Research Objectives   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           7

1.6              Research Hypothesis -           -           -           -           -           -           -           7

1.7              Significance of the study        -           -           -           -           -           -           7

1.8              Delimitation of the study        -           -           -           -           -           -           8

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1       Introduction    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           9

2.2       Theoretical framework           -           -           -           -           -           -           9

2.3       Tone System  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           14

2.3.1    Tones in Lower Cross Language        -           -           -           -           -           14

2.4       Review of Tones in Ibibio      -           -           -           -           -           -           16

2.5.       Tonal Processes in Ibibio       -           -           -           -           -           -           17

2.6        Tones in Anaang        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           20

2.7       Tones in Oro               -           -           -           -           -           -           -           23

2.8       Significance of Tones            -           -           -           -           -           -           25

2.9       Tones Marking Grammatical contrast            -           -           -           -           26

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 

3.1       Introduction    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           28

3.2       Research design          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           28

3.3       Sample and sampling procedure         -           -           -           -           -           29

3.4       Tools for data collection         -           -           -           -           -           -           30

3.5       Method of data collection       -           -           -           -           -           -           30

3.6       Validity and Reliability          -           -           -           -           -           -           31

3.7       Procedure for data analysis     -           -           -           -           -           -           31

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.1       Tones in Ekid -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           32

4.1.1    High Tones in Ekid     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           32

4.1.2     Low Tones in Ekid    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           33

4.2.      The Downstepped High Tones in Ekid          -           -           -           -           34

4.3       Contour Tones in Ekid -        -           -           -           -           -           -           35

4.4       Tonal Patterns in Ekid -         -           -           -           -           -           -           36

4.5       Contrastive tones in Ekid In Ekid Child language     -           -           -           37

4.6       Tonal Processes in Ekid Child Language       -          -           -           -           38

4.6.1    Downdrift in   Ekid Child Language  -           -           -           -           -           38

4.6.2    Downstepped  in Ekid in Ekid Child language -        -           -           -           40

4.6.3    Downglide in Ekid Child Language   -           -           -           -           -           41

4.6.4    Tonal spreading in Ekid Child Language       -           -           -           -           43

4.6.5    Tonal Simplification in Ekid Child Language           -           -           -           45

4.6.6    Tonal Modification Child Language -            -           -           -           -           46

4.6.7    Tonal Replacements   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           46

4.6.8    Tonal Deletion            -           -           -           -           -           -           -           47

4.7       Statistical Analyses of Tonal Processes in Ekid Child           -           -           48

4.8       Interpretation/Findings -         -           -           -           -           -           -           52

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

5.2       Summary of findings  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           61

5.3       Conclusion      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           63

5.4       Recommendations      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           64

            REFERENCES

            APPENDICES

 

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure                         Title                                                                            Page

1                                            The classification of Lower Cross Languages                    5        (culled from Urua (1996, p. 62))

2                                            Praat for age 3 to 6 ǹsé     ésé       ídé                               55

3                                            Praat for age 7 to 11 ǹsé   ésé       ídé                                  55

4                                            Praat showing adult tonal pattern in Ekid                           

For nsí       ísé        ídé      

      5.                      Praat for  age 3 to 6 èmèm                                                   57

      6.          &nbs

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