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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Title Page - - - - - - - - - i
Certification - - - - - - - - - ii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - iii
Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - iv
Table of Contents - - - - - - - - vi
List of figures - - - - - - - - - x
List of Table - - - - - - - - - xi
Abstract - - - - - - - - - xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 The background of the Study - - - - - - 1
1.2 History Background information of Esit Ekid People - - - 2
1.3 Classification of Ekid Language - - - - - 4
1.4 Statement of the Research Problems - - - - - 6
1.5 Research Objectives - - - - - - - 7
1.6 Research Hypothesis - - - - - - - 7
1.7 Significance of the study - - - - - - 7
1.8 Delimitation of the study - - - - - - 8
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 9
2.2 Theoretical framework - - - - - - 9
2.3 Tone System - - - - - - - - 14
2.3.1 Tones in Lower Cross Language - - - - - 14
2.4 Review of Tones in Ibibio - - - - - - 16
2.5. Tonal Processes in Ibibio - - - - - - 17
2.6 Tones in Anaang - - - - - - - 20
2.7 Tones in Oro - - - - - - - 23
2.8 Significance of Tones - - - - - - 25
2.9 Tones Marking Grammatical contrast - - - - 26
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 28
3.2 Research design - - - - - - - 28
3.3 Sample and sampling procedure - - - - - 29
3.4 Tools for data collection - - - - - - 30
3.5 Method of data collection - - - - - - 30
3.6 Validity and Reliability - - - - - - 31
3.7 Procedure for data analysis - - - - - - 31
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.1 Tones in Ekid - - - - - - - - 32
4.1.1 High Tones in Ekid - - - - - - - 32
4.1.2 Low Tones in Ekid - - - - - - - 33
4.2. The Downstepped High Tones in Ekid - - - - 34
4.3 Contour Tones in Ekid - - - - - - - 35
4.4 Tonal Patterns in Ekid - - - - - - - 36
4.5 Contrastive tones in Ekid In Ekid Child language - - - 37
4.6 Tonal Processes in Ekid Child Language - - - - 38
4.6.1 Downdrift in Ekid Child Language - - - - - 38
4.6.2 Downstepped in Ekid in Ekid Child language - - - - 40
4.6.3 Downglide in Ekid Child Language - - - - - 41
4.6.4 Tonal spreading in Ekid Child Language - - - - 43
4.6.5 Tonal Simplification in Ekid Child Language - - - 45
4.6.6 Tonal Modification Child Language - - - - - 46
4.6.7 Tonal Replacements - - - - - - - 46
4.6.8 Tonal Deletion - - - - - - - 47
4.7 Statistical Analyses of Tonal Processes in Ekid Child - - 48
4.8 Interpretation/Findings - - - - - - - 52
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.2 Summary of findings - - - - - - - 61
5.3 Conclusion - - - - - - - - 63
5.4 Recommendations - - - - - - - 64
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Title Page
1 The classification of Lower Cross Languages 5 (culled from Urua (1996, p. 62))
2 Praat for age 3 to 6 ǹsé ésé ídé 55
3 Praat for age 7 to 11 ǹsé ésé ídé 55
4 Praat showing adult tonal pattern in Ekid
For nsí ísé ídé
5. Praat for age 3 to 6 èmèm 57
6. &nbs
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