- The Complete Research Material is averagely 46 pages long and it is in Ms Word Format, it has 1-5 Chapters.
- Major Attributes are Abstract, All Chapters, Figures, Appendix, References.
- Study Level: BTech, BSc, BEng, BA, HND, ND or NCE.
- Full Access Fee: ₦6,000
Get the complete project »
![Download Code Ready Instant Download Active](https://codemint.net/assets/home/instantdownloadMain.png)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Pesticides have been a very popular means to exterminate agricultural pests. About 350 million kg of pesticides are annually applied on 114 million ha of cropland in the United States of America, resulting in average deposit of 3.1 kg/ha (Pimentel and Levitan, 1986). In Saudi Arabia, the amount of liquid and powder pesticides imported in 2007 was 6.7 million liters and 2.8 thousand tons, respectively (Ministry of Agriculture, 2008). The efficient application of agricultural chemical is a major social and economical issue in current agricultural business. Public environmental concerns have increased against the agricultural chemicals, such as pesticide, which are viewed as a major source of environmental pollution. Moreover, the cost of these chemicals has also increased. Inaccurate application of pesticides could result in more contaminated environment and higher farming cost (Al-Gaadi, 1998). Therefore, the accuracy of pesticide applications has to be increased in order to greatly reduce the bad consequences of applying these chemicals.
A spray patternator is a device used to empirically determine the distribution (scatter or speed) of fluid from one or more spray nozzles. When one spray nozzle is used, there is a relatively even distribution of fluid on the spray surface. However, if two spray nozzle are used together such that there is an area of overlap, there will be a section of higher fluid concentration. This area of excess fluid is under desired because it result in increased costs and, in some cases, may be harmful to the environment. Therefore, it is desirable to locate an optimal spacing between the nozzles and ascertain height from target so that the spray distribution is as uniform as possible and the overlap regions do not result in areas of high concentration, minimizing excess fluid.
A spray patternator consists of a table inclined at about ten degree divided into a number of grooved channels. The width of the channel is dependents upon the desired resolution of the spray distribution. Obviously, smaller channels width will produce higher resolution of the spray distribution. The spray nozzle are supported at regulated height above the table and turned on. The nozzle location above the table will also affect the distribution of the spray so it is important to test the nozzle at different heights.
1.1 Statement of the Problems
Pubic environmental concerns have increased against the agricultural chemicals such as pesticides, which are viewed as a major source of environmental pollution. And also there are thousand of different spray nozzles to choose from. If the incorrect nozzle is choosen for pesticide application then the following problems could arise.
Corrosion, Clogging, Caking, Mechanical damage, Incorrect assembly, Low flow rate
1.3 Aims and Objectives
Aims
The aims of this project is to construct a patternator in order to determine the above characteristics.
Objectives: The objective of this project is to determine the nozzle discharge characteristic such as:
(i) Application rate
(ii) Nozzle cone angle
(iii) Width of coverage and
(iv) Spray pattern
1.4 Significance of the Study
The significance of this study to the chemical applicator is to enable the applicator select nozzle that will provide the proper application rate within the recommended range of pressure locate nozzles so that coverage will be uniform, regulate the pressure to give proper nozzles discharge rate and spray pattern, and Regulate and maintain ground speed for applying the correct amount of pesticides.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
This project is limited by construction of a patternator to determine the nozzle characteristics such as
i) Application rate
ii) Nozzle cone angle
iii) Width of coverage and
iv) Spray pattern.
You either get what you want or your money back. T&C Apply
![](https://codemint.net/assets/public/img/100-money-back-guarantee.png)
You can find more project topics easily, just search
-
SIMILAR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FINAL YEAR PROJECT RESEARCH TOPICS
-
1. THE IMPORTANCE OF RECYCLING TO WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the study The importance of changing old material to new give economic significance in the recycling company...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
-
2. ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MAITAMA DISTRICT, ABUJA NIGERIA
» ABSTRACT Municipal solid waste management constitutes one of the most crucial health and environmental problem facing the world especially African cit...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
-
3. GENOTOXIC EVALUATION OF ANAMBRA RIVER USING BIOMARKER
» ABSTRACT Genotoxicity of freshwater fish in Anambra River was studied by micronucleus (MN) assay, and the resultant micronucleus indices were used as ...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 208 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
-
4. WASTE DISPOSAL MANAGEMENT IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION (A CASE OF SURULERE LOCAL GOVERNMENT)
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUNG OF THE STUDY In the sanitation of the environment, disposal of wastes has been identified as being of utmost i...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 91 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
-
5. THE IMPACT OF MATERIAL SOURCING IN ENHANCING THE ORGANIZATIONAL PROFITABILITY
» CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter will attempts to some comments and opinions of the various authors as contained in the boo...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 50 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
-
6. EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS PRESENT IN WASTE WATER EFFLUENTS OF PHARMACEUTICALS INDUSTRIES
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Various devastating ecological effects and human disasters in the last 40 years have arisen major...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
-
7. A STUDY ON ENVIRONMENTAL HABITABILITY OF CORE RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD IN AKURE, NIGERIA
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study The rapid urbanization process in Akure has its own consequences such as overcrowded dwellings, h...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
-
8. THE MANAGEMENT OF OIL SPILLAGE IN THE NIGER DELTA REGION OF NIGERIA
» ABSTRACT There has been a proliferation in the activities of crude oil exploration across the globe as a result of increase in high risk of oil spilla...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 76 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
-
9. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study Residential property management is emerging as a managerial science today (Kyle and Baird, 1995)....Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 53 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
-
10. THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICIES IN NIGERIA
» Abstract The study evaluates the need for effective waste management policies in Nigeria. The study has the following objectives: to examine the conse...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT