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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Agricultural wastes are defined as the residues from the growing and processing of raw agricultural products such as fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry, dairy products, and crops. They are the non-product outputs of production and processing of agricultural products that may contain material that can benefit man but whose economic values are less than the cost of collection, transportation, and processing for beneficial use. Their composition will depend on the system and type of agricultural activities and they can be in the form of liquids, slurries, or solids. Agricultural waste otherwise called agro-waste is comprised of animal waste (manure, animal carcasses), food processing waste (only 20% of maize is canned and 80% is waste), crop waste (corn stalks, sugarcane bagasse, drops and culls from fruits and vegetables, prunings) and hazardous and toxic agricultural waste (pesticides, insecticides and herbicides, etc). Estimates of agricultural waste arising are rare, but they are generally thought of as contributing a significant proportion of the total waste matter in the developed world. Expanding agricultural production has naturally resulted in increased quantities of livestock waste, agricultural crop residues and agro-industrial by-products. There is likely to be a significant increase in agricultural wastes globally if developing countries continue to intensify farming systems. It is estimated that about 998 million tonnes of agricultural waste is produced yearly. Organic wastes can amount up to 80 percent of the total solid wastes generated in any farm of which manure production can amount up to 5.27 kg/day/1000 kg live weight, on a wet weight basis.
There is growing interest in the pulping of non wood plants most especially, agricultural residues globally (Sridach, 2010). Presently, non wood raw materials account for 10% of the total pulp and paper produced world wide (El-Sakhawy et al., 1996). This is mostly made up of 18% baggase, 14% bamboo and 11% others. The need to promote the use of agricultural residues is being influenced by increasing agricultural production and productivity globally as man continually sought to improve the quality of life by transforming nature to provide more food, better living conditions and long life (Hall et al, 2009). Agricultural mechanisation and technology has helped to accomplish this transformation. It has however left a progression of environmental problems at its wake. The problems associated with farm waste management are numerous and can escalate into disastrous situations, resulting from improper waste management. Lack of adequate information on quantity of waste generated, handling, treatment and disposal have been constraining industrial utilization of agricultural waste in Nigeria where farmers in most parts of the country have concentrated on intensive production of field crops which annually leads to generation of large quantities of vegetal waste. The type of waste generated, their quantity and characteristics have not been studied in detail in Nigeria. However, based on the distribution of the country into ecological zones through climatic considerations, coupled with the distinct characteristics of each zone, the major types of agricultural waste generated that can be of use in the paper industry locally are presented in Table 1. From the table, it can be observed that many types of straws are available in Nigeria as byproducts of agriculture and thus can be potentially used as sources of raw material for the pulp and paper industry. In view of the pulpability of straws, agrowaste pulping facilities can be established in states shown in Table 2. In most cases, the by-products are cheaper than wood. As most of the straws produced locally are byproducts of agricultural produce, the total cost of production will be shared with the main crop. In most cases, the cost of agricultural residues to the paper mills will be the cost of transporting the residues to the mill.
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SIMILAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION FINAL YEAR PROJECT RESEARCH TOPICS
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1. THE OIL SECTOR VIS-À-VIS THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR; THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE (1981-2007).
» ABSTRACT This study aims at evaluating the oil sector vis a vis the agricultural sector in Nigeria from 1981 2007. The role of agriculture in the Nige...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION DEPARTMENT
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2. CHALLENGES IN ADMINISTERING THE CROSS RIVER STATE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, NIGERIA
» ABSTRACT The study was conducted to identify the challenges in administering the Cross River State Ministry of Agriculture, Nigeria. All the staff of ...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 108 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION DEPARTMENT
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3. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER CHICKENS FED GRADED LEVELS OF ONION (Allium cepa) AND ONION WITH BACTOFORT®
» ABSTRACT Two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, haematological and serum b...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 107 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION DEPARTMENT
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4. THE PREVALENCE OF POULTRY DISEASE AND ITS MORTALITY RATE
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study The Agriculture in Nigeria has remained the largest sector contributing nearly 39% to the gross d...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION DEPARTMENT
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5. STATISTICAL MODELLING AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSA PARADISIACA (UNRIPE PLANTAIN)
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY Drying is probably the oldest and the most important method of food preservation practiced by humans...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 83 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION DEPARTMENT
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6. MAXIMIZING YIELD AND NET RETURNS TO NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN RICE (Oryza sativa.L) PRODUCTION ON LOW LAND SOILS
» ABSTRACT Rice(Oryzasativa.L)isanimportantstapleandsourceofincomeforfarmersinNigeria.Currentfertilizerrecommendationsforricedonotcommonlyconsiderfertil...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 104 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION DEPARTMENT
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7. PERCEPTION OF FARMERS ON THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FARM PRODUCE
» ABSTRACT The research was carried out based on the perception of farmers of the effect of climate change on farm produce. The aim of the study was to ...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 50 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION DEPARTMENT
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8. FACTORS INFLUENCING FARMERS‟ ATTITUDE AND PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY-BASED AGRICULTUREAND RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (CBARDP) IN SELECTED AREAS OF ...
» ABSTRACT The study was designed to assess factors influencing farmers‟ attitude and participation in CBARDP in Selected Local Government Areas of Ka...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 82 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION DEPARTMENT
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9. THE IMPACT OF BAMBOO EXTRACTION IN THE DETOXIFICATION OF COAL RICH SOIL IN UKWU-NZU IN ANIOACHA NORTH L.G.A, DELTA
» CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Bamboo, the giant grass, is a vernacular term for members of subfamily Bambusoideae of family Poa...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 63 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION DEPARTMENT
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10. IN-SERVICE NEEDS OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE TEACHERS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
» Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the in service needs of agricultural science teachers of Secondary School in animal science teachi...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 57 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION DEPARTMENT