- The Complete Research Material is averagely 40 pages long and it is in Ms Word Format, it has 1-5 Chapters.
- Major Attributes are Abstract, All Chapters, Figures, Appendix, References.
- Study Level: BTech, BSc, BEng, BA, HND, ND or NCE.
- Full Access Fee: ₦4,000
Get the complete project »

ABSTRACT
This study examined the total replacement of fishmeal (FM) with poultry hatchery waste meal (PHWM) in practical diets for African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Five iso-nitrogenous diets containing levels Diet1, 0% (control); Diet 2, 25%; Diet 3, 50%; Diet 4, 75% and Diet 5, 100% of PHWM as a replacement for FM were fed to three replicate groups of African catfish with an initial weight of 5.1±0.01 grams. Diet 5 (100% PHWM) has the best growth performance and feed utilization because it has the highest values in weight gain (1.03) with significant difference (P< 0.05) as well as feed intake (1.49) with significant difference (P< 0.05) and has the best feed conversion ratio (FCR), (1.48) with significant difference (P< 0.05). Relative weight gain (RWG), (12.64) and specific growth rate (SGR), (1.67) were highest in Diet 5 but were not significantly different (P >0.05).
And had next to the highest values in PER and NPU. Therefore, PHWM in a proportion of 100% can replace FM totally in African catfish diet without compromising the growth and quality.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The African catfish Clarias gariepinus is a major warm water species in Africa (Ghana, Ethiopia, Egypt, Mali and Nigeria) and Asia (Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand) and has been introduced recently in Europe (the Netherland, Germany and Belgium) Latin America (Brazil) (Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO, 1997; Ali, 2001). The superior performance of C. gariepinus compared with other Clarias species in terms of growth rate has probably contributed to the fact that C. gariepinus has been widely introduced to areas outside its natural range (Verreth et al., 1993). Fish culture has rapidly intensified in the last few decades, at an average rate of 8-10% per year (Tacon et al., 2011). To sustain this growth in aquaculture, an associated problem is the supply of ingredients to formulate aquatic feeds, and in particular dietary replacements for fishmeal.
African catfish is a suitable alternative to tilapia for subsistence fish farming in Africa and using low-grade feed composed of local agricultural by-products, the yield of catfish from ponds could be as much as 2.5 times higher than those of tilapia (Hogendoorn, 1983). A variety of species of genus Clarias and their hybrids were cultured for reasons of their high growth rate; disease resistance and ability to adapt to high density culture; excellent adaptation to high ambient climate and very efficient feed conversion ratio; ability to mature and remain grand throughout this year in captivity; acceptance of relatively cheap feeds; high fecundity potential for all-year round maturation and induction of final oocyte and high consumers’ acceptance (Viveen et al.,1985).
1.1 JUSTIFICATION
Fish feeds constitute more than 50% of the production cost in aquaculture (Gabriel et al., 2007). Fishmeal is the most expensive of all the ingredients used in formulation and compounding feeds though it tallies with its quality in terms of having high nutritional composition. A fish farmer’s burden will be lessened when he is provided with an alternative protein source in the fish feed which contains all the nutrients in fishmeal with the same quality; which is cheaper, available in his locality and palatable to the fish.
Availability
There are many poultry farms with poultry hatchery or incubators in Benin City, Edo State. These include Zartech Ltd along Sapele road, Ojemai farm along upper Ekenwan road, Igodarun farm by NNPC depot, Ikpoba Hill, etc.
Acceptability
It is palatable to the fish, Clarias gariepinus. Its smell is not offensive. It has a characteristic pleasant smell. Its digestibility is about 65% (Rasool et al., 1999).
Cost
Since it is the by-product after saleable chicks have been removed, therefore are very cheap if not free to obtain.
Toxins
No toxin is present.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
I chose poultry hatchery waste meal as the alternative protein source to replace fishmeal in fish (Clarias gariepinus) feeds in my investigation in order to:
- Determine the effect of the various treatments on the growth rate of Clarias gariepinus;
- To compare the utilization of the different feed diets fed to the fish and to indirectly ascertain the proximate analysis of the feed.
You either get what you want or your money back. T&C Apply

You can find more project topics easily, just search
-
SIMILAR AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS FINAL YEAR PROJECT RESEARCH TOPICS
-
1. THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN NIGERIA
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Nigeria is endowed with natural resources, large fertile farmland, wide range of crops, and river amo...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 91 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
-
2. THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ON NIGERIA ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA (1960-2017)
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Agriculture is concerned with the husbandry of crops and animals for food and other purposes. It ...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 96 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
-
3. ANALYSIS OF FARMERS’ EFFICIENCY IN COWPEA PRODUCTION IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
» Abstract This study focused on the analysis of farmer‘s efficiency in cowpea production in Kwara State.This study was carried out in three Local...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 152 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
-
4. PERFORMANCE OF FOREST MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FOREST WOOD TREES IN CROSS RIVER STATE
» ABSTRACT Out of all the forests and forest reserves in Nigeria that remained relatively undisturbed, significant portions of them have been lost in th...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 76 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
-
5. INCOME, SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT PATTERNS OF SMALL-SCALE AGRO-BASED ENTREPRENEURS IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
» ABSTRACT The study examined income, savings and investment patterns of small scale agro based entrepreneurs in Anambra State. The study utilized prima...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
-
6. ANALYSIS OF EFFECT OF FLOOD ON LIVELIHOODS AND ADAPTATION MEASURES OF SMALLHOLDERS CROP FARMERS
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The Intergovernmental Panel on Flood (IPCC) (2007), views flood as statistically significant vari...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 44 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
-
7. CREDIT ACCESS AND THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL SCALE AGRO-BASED ENTERPRISES IN THE NIGER DELTA REGION OF NIGERIA
» ABSTRACT The study was designed to analyze credit access and performance of small scale agro based enterprises in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. A...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 122 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
-
8. MANAGEMENT OF RABBIT PRODUCTION BY PEASANT FARMER IN TAKUM LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
» CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY The human population growth in developed countries is stabilizing while that of developing countr...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 65 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
-
9. ANALYSIS OF LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION BY FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
» ABSTRACT Thisstudy focused on analyse of livelihood diversification by farming households in Kachia, Kagarko and Jaba Local Government areas of Kaduna...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 82 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
-
10. EFFECTS OF CAPITAL FLIGHT ON AGRICULTURAL GROWTH IN NIGERIA (1970-2013)
» Abstract Capital flight, a term used to refer to the leakages of financial resources from an economy pose a serious problem in Sub Saharan economies a...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 77 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT