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ABSTRACT
The Bassa-Egbura violent inter-ethnic conflict rendered many
people homeless, reduced them to internally displaced persons and
inflicted other forms of physical and psychological injuries to
others. It also resulted in the loss of lives and properties. This
study investigated the social and economic adjustment and
strategies adopted by victims of this conflict. The conflict
perspective was reviewed and adopted as frame of analysis for the
better understanding of the social and economic adjustment of
victims. A field work was conducted in the three districts of Toto
Local Government Area to gain insight into the genesis and extents
of the violence conflict. The researcher administered three hundred
(300) structured questionnaires to the internally displaced persons
who had returned after the conflict. Focus group discussions were
held with members of the ethnic groups such as the Bassa,
Egbura, Yoruba, Hausa, Gbaygi and Ibo residing in the area. The
leaders of these ethnic groups also indepthly interviewed about the
hardship their people faced and who they considered were worse
hit. It was found that the Bassa were the worst affected group.
Their people were killed, their properties destroyed. They
constituted the majority of the internally displaced persons. They
vi
went on exile to neighboring towns and states for a period of two
years facing hardships such as lack of money, friends, relations to
associate with and unemployment among others. The crises
caused major disruptions to various aspects of life such as
economic activities, children’s education, infrastructures and
population displacement. On return, the adjustment of the
displaced victims included resettling in places other than their
former homes and starting life afresh to avoid been attacked by
those who had earlier attacked them. Those who returned to their
former area of settlement also had to start from the scratch
because all their houses and other resources had been destroyed.
The study recommends that dialogue should be facilitated among
the warring groups. There should be fair political participation at
local and state level, for the Bassa and the Egbura ethnic groups.
Boundary adjustment and land dispute issues among the Bassa
and Egbura should be resolved by the Nasarawa state government
to forestall the reoccurring violent conflict, lost of lives and
properties in the area.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of the Study
Violent inter – ethnic conflicts constitute one of the major
problems of social, economic and political life in Nigeria. Hardly has
any region been spared from any form of conflict, even though they
differ in prevalence and intensity. Alubo (2006) noted that in the far
north, violent religious disturbances have broken out in Kano,
Katsina, Zaria and Kaduna among other places since 1980. In the
south-west, there have been violent communal conflicts at Sagamu,
Lagos, and Ife-Modakeke. In the south-east, the Umuleri-Aguleri
conflicts were most noticeable. The Toto violent inter-ethnic
conflict, the subject of this study occurred in the north-central geo-
political zone of Nigeria.
It is evident that violent conflict between ethnic groups is a
threat to national integration and development. Nation building is
threatened by inter-ethnic conflicts which undermine the security
and political stability, economic developments, protection of human
lives and property. The phenomenon of inter-ethnic violent conflict
deserves a study in Nigeria because it leads to destruction of lives
and property. This study examines the violent inter-ethnic conflict
1
between the Bassa and Egbura in Toto Local Government Area of
Nasarawa State that took place in 1998 with sporadic recurrence
up to 2003.
Ethnic group, as a concept ordinarily refers to people who
share a common ancestry, common language and common culture
Typically, there are common identities, common natural habitat,
territoriality and common ancestry. In Nigeria all ethnic groups
have geophysical spaces which are regarded as their respective
home lands. Members lay claims to being “indigenes” “natives” or
“sons/daughters of the soil”. These popular concepts refer to
whether or not one is within or outside the ethnic home land (Alubo
2006:5)
Barth (1986:7), defined ethnic group as a;
Largely biological self-perpetuating group of people that share fundamental cultural values, realized in overt unity in cultural forms.
Suberu (1996:4) defined ethnic group as;
A social collectivity whose members share such objective characteristics as language, core territory, ancestral myths, culture, religion, political organization and a perception of common ancestry.
The two definitions, consider ethnic group as a social
construct marked by language affiliation, customs, value systems
2
and a common origin. The definitions also extend to natural
habitat, territoriality and common ancestry. In a nutshell, ethnic
groups exist within the framework of a shared citizenship,
historical experiences and a membership of a territory acquired and
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