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SUMMARY
Lead is a bioaccumulative heavy metal usually found in nature combined with other
elements to form lead compounds. Over 400 children were reported to have died as a
result of lead poisoning outbreak in Zamfara State, Nigeria and about 2000 children
are currently on treatment. The prevalence of lead residues in tissues of animals
slaughtered at Gusau abattoir, Zamfara State was determined using Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer. A total of 384 tissue samples were collected and their
lead content determined. About 95% of the 384 animals were purchased from markets
within Zamfara State and out of all the samples investigated 324(84.4%) had lead
residues. The lead residues in 314(81.80%) of the animals were above the permissible
limit of 0.1mg/kg recommended by World Health Organisation and European
Commission. Lead residues were not detected in about 60(16.60%) of the animals
sampled. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) observed in tissue
accumulation of lead in animals based on difference in age, sex, species or breed of
the animal. Gross contamination of the environment from where these animals were
sourced could therefore be inferred.
KEY WORDS: Lead residues, Animal tissues, Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer
xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information
Lead is a bluish soft metal with atomic number 82; atomic weight 207.19, specific
gravity 11.34, melting point 327⁰C and boiling point 1740⁰C. It is the most common
industrial metal that has become widespread in air, water, soil and food.1 Metals are
often characterized and distinguished from non-metals by their physical properties
which include the ability to conduct heat, and an electrical resistance that is directly
proportional to temperature, malleability, ductility and even luster.2
Heavy metals can be classified into four major groups based on their health
importance.3, 4 Copper, zinc, cobalt, chromium, manganese and iron are essential and
also called micronutrients but are toxic when taken in excess of requirements.4, 5
Barium, lithium and zirconium are non – essential. Tin and aluminium are less toxic
whereas mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic are highly toxic.
They are (lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic) among the main toxic metals that
remain in the environment permanently because they cannot be degraded and thus
find their way into the food chain and ultimately into the tissues. They have direct
physiologically toxic effects when stored or incorporated in living tissues.6
Heavy metals are kept under environmental pollutant category due to their toxic
effects on plants, humans and food. Heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, cadmium and
mercury are persistent, accumulate and are not metabolized in to other intermediate
compounds and do not easily break down in environment.1
Poisoning by toxic chemicals can cause serious stock losses. Historically, lead and
arsenic have been the most common causes of inorganic chemical poisoning in farm
animals.7 The increase in industrial and agricultural processes has resulted in
increased concentrations of metals in the environment. These metals are taken in by
1
plants and consequently animals that graze on such contaminated plants and animals
that drink from polluted water also accumulate such metals in their tissues.8 Some
heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium and lead have been reported to have no known
bio-importance in human biochemistry and physiology and consumption even at very
low concentrations can be toxic.9, 10
Several organisations have pointed out the need for monitoring heavy metal
concentrations in the environment because of their persistence and accumulation in
the biota.11
Lead is a metabolic poison and a neurotoxin that binds to essential enzymes and
several other cellular components and inactivates them.12 Toxic effects of lead are
seen in haemopoeitic, nervous, gastrointestinal and renal systems.6
Lead poisoning is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the heavy metal
lead in the body. Lead interferes with a variety of body processes and is toxic to many
organs and tissues including the heart,
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