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Abstract
Book Haram figuratively implies that western for non-Islamic education is a sin, is a very controversial Nigeria militant group that seeks for the imposition of sharia law in the entire northern states of Nigeria. The hierarchical structure of the group is not presently well defined. The official name of the group id jamaiatu Ahlis sunna lidda ―awai waljihad, which in Arabic translate to ―people committed to the propagation of the prophet‘s teaching and jhad‖ literally therefore the group means ―Association of sunn‘s for the propagation of Islamic and for Holy war (jihad) and Islamized northern stats of Nigeria and probably conquer the entire country through jihad. So far, the group has been waging the war successfully in it area of stronghold. Book Haram made its presence known in 2004, in Yobe states, and by 2011, it made its presence known to the global community by bombing the United Nations Headquarters in Abuja, especially in the last two years, it has willfully attacked hundreds of buildings and killing many innocent Nigerians. In spite of the calamity the group has caused the government seems not to know how to clip the group‘s wings. In this research work, therefore, effort will be made to philosophically and legally appraise the group activities and its implications on Nigerian National integration. We will look at the socio-economic implication of the group in Nigeria economic development also the drive of the Boko Haram insurgence in Nigeria and possible suggest solutions that will assist in curtailing their activities in Nigeria
Chapter One
General Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Nigeria as a nation-state is under a sever internal socio-economic and
security threat. As a more general level, the threat has social,
economic, political and environmental dimensions. Each of these
dimensions has greatly affected the nation‘s stability, and can be
traced to the ethnic militia armies, ethnic and religious conflicts,
poverty, terrorism, armed robbery, corruption, economic sabotage, and
environmental degradation (Ilufoye, 2009).
Boko Haram insurgence becomes the major problem facing Nigerians in the
recent time. These groups have perpetrated several bombing that have
killed millions of innocent citizens of this country Nigeria and also
caused the destruction of both private and public properties worth of
billion of naira. This derives from their bid to make people in the
north east geo-political zone of Nigeria to embrace their view on
Islamic Nigeria code and western education.
The predominant threat and security challenges in the area are
emendating from un-abating attacks on Nigerian citizens, individuals,
public and governmental installations, kidnapping and destruction of
properties. All these effect of Boko Haram activities are serious crime
against the Nigeria state, which has threatened its national security
and socio-economic activities. This has posed a great challenges to the
ground strategy for national security of which the primary aim is ―to
strengthen the federal republic of Nigeria to advance her interest and
objectives, to contain instability, control crime, quality of life of
every citizens, improve the well fare and the eliminate corruption‖
(Damba-zau 2007:51)
Boko Haram activities, has destabilized socio-economic activities.
Increased crime and destruction of both life and property of Nigerian
citizens. This can be attested to by the mass movement of people living
in northern part of the country most especially maiduguri, which is the
capital of Borno State. This situation has made it impossible for the
citizens in that part ―Northren‖ of Nigeria to carry on their legitimate
businesses. It is also scaring foreign investors out of the country.
Students have been forced to flee their schools. The gravity of the
crisis has made some government to vow never to allow Nigerians students
from their state to go to the Northern part of Nigeria for anything.
Boko Haram activities also effected the posting of students of southern
and eastern extradition on national youth service corps (NYSC) to the
north, to the extent that parents are strongly resisting the posting of
their children as copper to the north.
Boko Haram itself, is a fatal blow to the noble objective of the scheme
as a unifying strategy, the unity of Nigerian is seriously threatened by
Boko Haram fundamentalist sect and therefore, considered to be a major
potential terrorist threat affecting Nigerian mostly on the part of
socio-economic activities of the country.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Boko Haram activities was described by us intelligence agents in
November 2011 ―as a local salafist group attacking Christians and local
police stations with matchet and poison tipped arrows in Nigeria‘s
northeastern Borno state. According to him:
Boko Haram is a way of thinking, it is politically driven, they are
loosely organized grassroots insurrection against not only the Abuja
government but the traditional Muslim establishment as well. (Campbell,
2011).
After nearly a decade of violence, Nigeria government still does not
have an effective strategy for dismantling the group. The terrorist
organization preys on the disillusioned Muslims of the north, who are
fed up with corruption. And have few economic opportunities, Nigeria is a
heterogeneous country divided by two religious beliefs aside
traditional religion. The northern half of the country is almost
completely Muslim (50 per cent of the total Nigerians population) and
the southern half is mostly dominated by Christians (40 per cent of the
total Nigerians population). Originating in the Muslim dominated
northern region of the country, the movement other rejected everything
deemed western. The activities of these groups ―Boko Haram‖ grew its
ranks by taking advantages of the widespread anger in the north over the
country‘s gap. In the north, 72 percent of the population live below
the poverty line, compared to only 22 percent in the southern part
Christopher (Bartolta, 2011)
The political goal of Boko Haram sect is to create an Islamic nation in
the twelve northern states of Nigerians, eventually, spreading to the
rest of the country. From its inception Boko Haram viewed Nigeria as a
state or a country running by non-believers and made the government its
main target, ever when the country had a Muslim president.
Therefore, this research work seeks to find the following:
1. Is poverty inducing the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria?
2. Does the ―Boko Haram‖ insurgence have any socio-economic implication on Nigerians development?
3. Is dialogue a desideration to the Boko Haram menace in Nigeria?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The broad objectives of the study are to examine the activities of the
Boko Haram and its socio- economic implication on Nigeria‘s development.
Using Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria as a case study. To achieve
this, specifically, this research work is designed to examine the following:
1. To determine if poverty is inducing the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria
2. To assess the socio-economic implication of Boko Haram insurgence on the nation.(Nigeria)
3. To determine if dialogue is a desideration to the Boko Haram menace in Nigeria
1.4 Literature Review
Literature review has to do with what other scholars and authors have
contributed to this study so far. The term ―terrorism‖ refers to the
systematic use of threat of violence to communicate to political massage
rather than defeat an opponent, military force. Thus, the targets of
terrorism are symbolic and the victims of terrorism represent a wider
audience. To achieve a maximum shock effective, terrorist violence is
usually dramatic and provocative.
Typically, small number of extremists who otherwise lack the capacity to
challenge those in power resort to terrorism. A defining
characteristics of terrorism is that its users expects rewards that are
of proportionate to both the resources. They posses and the risk they
assume:
Terrorism is furthermore strategies that are not restricted to any particular ideology (smlter and Beltes, 2001).
According to Reich 1998, as a strategy of resistance to the modem state,
terrorism emerged some half century after the French revolution, when
the term originated as a description of the state regime of terror.
Russia revolutionaries and anarchist in French, Spain, Italy and German
established terrorism as a central mechanism in attempt to over throw
the established regimes, most of which were autocratic in the submission
of Lain mclean terrorism as a pejorative term, also applies to the
deeds of government of sovereign state. According to Lain Mclean, an
term ―state sponsored terrorism‖, is often used to described the conduct
of various government indirectly organizing or indirectly assisting
perpetration of violence acts in other state. Lain Mclean argued that in
recent time, many countries of divergent ideological persuasion have
engaged in this kind of activities while in some cases strictly
condemning others forms practices (Lain Mclean, 1996). Meanwhile,
terrorism is a contested concept that resist precise definition. Since
the term is both elastic and emotionally powerful, it lend itself to
subjective interpretation driven by political rather than analytical
purposes, it is also difficult to distinguish terrorism from other forms
of violence. Such as, for example querilla warfare or criminal
activities, if terrorism is defined in terms of the intension behind the
action, is it possible to know those intension? What is the
relationship between religion and terrorism, be non-combatants for
example?. If so are attacks on security target act of terrorism?
Though, there is no official definition of terrorism agreed on through
out the world, and definitions tend to rely heavily on who is doing the
definition and for what purpose. Some definition focus on terrorist
tactics to defined the term, while others focus on the actor. Ethnic
separatist, violence in the 1930‘s provoked the League of Nations formed
after world war 1 to encourage world stability and peace to defined
terrorism for the first time as:
All criminal acts directed against a state and intended or calculated
to create a state of terror in the mind of particular persons or group
of persons or the general public. (League of Nation convection
definition of terrorism, 1937).
Therefore, bringing to our understanding that Boko Haram sect is
pre-occupied with carrying out various degree of attacks on civilians,
usually used by the powerless against powerful;
International terrorism interludes terrorists attacking a foreign
targets other than within own country or abroad (Rurke 2008:316).
This means that September 11, 2011 attack was an international terrorism
while one of the attacks by the Boko Haram sect such as the police
stations attacks is a domestic terrorism. But it becomes complicated if
the Boko Haram sect is still a domestic terrorism group despites it
seeming connection with other international sect such as Hamas and
Alqueda.
According to Claver (2002:302), he stated that terrorism is the use
of force to impact fear with a view to bring about political, economic
or social change‖ Recently, terrorism has been endemic in all parts of
the countries in the world. Cleavert went on to explain that:
It is true, as is often repeated that man‘s terrorist is another is an
extreme example of an essential contested concept and its preacher‘s
finds to polarize at extent that renders it extremely difficult to
return to normal politics (Claver, 2002:303).
Drawing from the above assertion, indicated how terrorism can lead to
socio-economic underdevelopment of a country, though he was not
elaborate, but it is worthy to appreciate his view that the practice of
terrorism group makes the society difficult to return to normal
politics. This can be deduced from the activities of the Boko Haram
insurgence in Nigeria which has been destabilizing socio-economic
activities in the northern part of the country.
Also terrorism are viewed from a complete different angel by many
authors among also includes Heywood. In his own view, he explained three
(3) dimensions of terrorism. According to him:
The term is highly controversial first the distinction or warfare is
burred by the fact that the later may also aim to stake fear in to wider
population, secondly, as the term is highly prerogative, it stands to
be used selectively (one person‘s terrorist is another person‘s freedom
fighter) thirdly, although terrorism is usually conceived as an
anti-governmental activities, government can employ terror against their
own or other population, as in the case of terrorism in the state
(Heywood, 2007:382)
This assertion of Heywood brings to out mind that interregional
terrorism can take different and many forms whatever means these
activities are perpetrated, the contention of this research is that it
directly leads to underdevelopment. This is especially in the areas of
these states still batting with the problem of development.
Remarkable a very distant variant of terrorism is that of Mbah (2008:139) stated that:
Terrorism as a deialedt necessity as well as the product of
globalization and the expression of it, and because this relations is a
class relation, the relevant division is an antagonistic one, which
creates contradictory class intersection.
This is a very sharp contribution to the issue of terrorism. But the
fact is still that none of this authors have been able to point out or
suggest that terrorism either domestic or international, direct or
indirectly lead to underdevelopment:
Goldia et al 92005:201) stated that:
Government appeals hind to portray terrorism simply as criminal violence
assaults on society that can not be justified as serving a political
cause.
Terrorism, typically, it has a political objective that makes it a
pervasive form of political conflict partied by indefinable modes of
political leadership and participation. The above assertion tries to
example the structures of the Boko Haram insurgence in Nigeria. This is
because, if it is believed that the group shuns the politics of the
northern part of Nigeria and agitating for imposition of sharia law.
Hence, while this version partly discuss the common modes of terrorist
operation that occurs in democratic politics, we should be aware of the
violence that can occur when democratic system breaks down
1.5 Significance of the Study
All individual lives in a world prone to crisis. No nation is free from
crisis. Violence is now endemic in human relations. The global threat of
terrorism respect no boundaries or borders. Nigeria is not free from
these threat, emanating from Boko Haram activities. Therefore, the
debating questions are:
1. What is the nature of this threat?
2. Have the security agencies handled the situation well?
3. What have gone wrong with the strategy employed
4. How should government respond responding to these recent terrist bombing?
5. Can militaristic approach without more work, work?
6. Are there lessons to be leant in the ways of other countries handles such threat‖
This research work will attempt to answer these questions, and build up
relevant literatures on Islamist fundamental, and contributes to
academic, professional and security at large as it enlightens, develops
and inform citizens and government of the reoccurring activities of
domestic terrorists and making of possible for policy makers to
strategize measures to handle the conflict in Nigeria.
Beyond serving as an addition to already existing literature, it will
serve as a practical guide for those in the field of criminal
investigation departments, anti- terrorism or counter insurgence.
This study is thereby motivated by strong desire to contribute to the
ranging dissolution its socio-economic implication on Nigeria‘s
development. It is therefore, hoped that this study will be relevant and
of benefits to the students and scholars of political science, history,
intelligent and security studies and the society at large.
1.6 Theoretical Framework
According to Ohara (2003:63), knowledge does not exist in a vacuum. In
every descriptive, there is a body of theories that provides the
explanation for observable phenomena in that field. This section attempt
to draw analogy between established theories and the problem being
investigated where such analogies drawn even support the importance of
the study. The theoretical requirement of this work is draw from
frustration-aggression theory which I believe provided a detailed
explanation for the emergence of ―Boko Haram‖ insurgence in Nigeria. The
theory was propounded and developed by John Dollard and his research
associates initially developed in 1939 and has been expanded and
modified by school like Leonard Berlowitz (1962) and Audrey Yales
(1962). The theory properly created the analogy used within this
research to explain the dynamics in Boko Haram terrorism.
According to John Dollard (1939) he explained that it seems to be that
most common explanation for violent behaviour stemmed from inability to
fulfill needs. In attempts to explain aggression, scholars points to the
difference between what people feel they want or deserve to what they
actually gets the ―want get-ratio‖ (teocrabends 1969) and difference
between ―expected need satisfaction‖ and actual need satisfaction
(Davies, 1960). When expectation does not meet attainment the tendency
is for people to confront those hold responsible for frustrating their
ambitions. Therefore, frustration aggression provides that aggression is
not just undertaking as a natural reaction or instinct as realist and
biological theorist assumes but that is the outcome of frustration and
that is in a situation where the desire of an individual is denied
either directly or by the indirectly consequence of the way the society
is structured, the feeling of disappointment may lead such a person to
express his anger through violence that will be directed those he holds
responsible or people who are directly or indirect related to them
(Akwen, 2011:52-53).
As described by John Dollard, that most common explanation for
violence behaviour is instability to fulfill needs. According to Bishop
Mathew Hassan Kukah, states that ―Boko Haram terrorism is a product of
bad government and corruption and therefore, fueled by politics (Mayor
2011). In Nigeria, approximately 76 percent of northern on less than one
dollar per day. School are un- finance and the standard of education is
so poor that graduate are often unfit for employment. The worst of it
all is the Nigerian government poor responses to the northern desire on
economic and security conditions which has fueled resentment, making
many young men vulnerable to Boko Haram recrulters. People in the north
are significantly marginalized and are not provided the same economic
opportunities and benefits that the rest of the country enjoy (Ibid).
The founder and also the leader of the group, Mohammad Yusuf argued that
―Western education or ―Boko‖ had brought nothing but poverty and
suffering to the region and was therefore, ―forbidden or Haram‖ in Islam
(Reutrs, 2012).
This is the central government argument that led Robert Gurr‘s (1970) relative deprivation these addressed in saying that:
The greater the discrepancy, however marginal between what is sought and
what seems attainable, the greater will be the chances that anger and
violence will result (Ted, 1970).
A part from Nigeria government being corrupt in the year 1999, the
police claimed down on Boko Haram members who were ignoring a law
requiring motorcyclist to wear helmets. That sparked a furious back
lash. Police stations and government offices in Borno state were burned
to ground hundreds of citizens released in prison break, innocent
citizens died on bomb explosion, public and private properties destroyed
etc. as the violence spread across northern Nigeria.
The last stroke that broke the camel‘s back was the government and
its army reacting with force, the leader of the Boko Haram group
‗Mohammed Yusuf‖ was captured and shot dead in police custody. Five days
of fighting left more than 800 people dead (Morgan, 2011). In other
words, the group remains fiercely anti-government and anti-authority,
and resentful of the decades of corrupt, poor government that have
improvise it home region (Ibid).
1.7 Hypotheses
For the purpose of this study, this hypotheses were formulated:
1. Poverty and unemployment seem to be the driving force of the Boko Haram insurgence
2. Boko Haram insurgence has led to lose of revenue and seeming disunity in Nigeria
3. Dialogue appears to be desideration to the Boko Haram Menace in Nigeria.
1.8 Method of Data Collection
By method of data collection, we are referring to the various means
through which appropriate information needed for this study was sourced,
for the purpose of this work. The method used in the gathering of the
data collection is mainly secondary source of data collection
This research is a topical issue, the secondary method of sourcing was
adequate, this include gathering materials or information from text
books journals, magazines, newspapers, internet material seminars,
debates and seminars publications. Etc.
1.9 Scope and Limitations of the Study
The scope of this research work is quite broad that it encompasses the
investigation ―the effect of Boko Haram insurgence on the socio-economic
development of Nigerian‖.
The limitation of this study, various factors contributed in affecting
in researchers comprehensiveness and totality in carrying out the study.
Among these factors are scarcity of relevant materials on the issue due
to its continuous evolving nature and virginity experienced its apex in
the course of the research interval.
Despite, the financial problem, hindrance and shortcoming the research work will defiantly come to accomplished.
1.10 Definition of Terms
According to Janct (2004:107), definition of terms used in a research is
operation. Works are defined as they are used by the researcher. This
means that researcher uses certain words in the way they fit to the
study, which may be different from the ordinary dictionary meaning. For
an operational understanding of the term used within this study, the
definitions are as follows:
Boko Haram:- The term Boko Haram is a derivation of Hausa world ―Boko‖
meaning ―Animist‖ western or otherwise non-Islamic education‖, while
Haram is a word with Arabic origin that figuratively means ―sin‖ but
literally, forbidden‘. In order words, Boko Harm means ―western
education is forbidden or is a sin‖ (Wkipedia, Boko Haram‖,
21/03/2013:1) Boko Haram is very controversial Nigeria militant Islamic
group that seeks for the imposition of sharia law in the entire northern
states of Nigeria. The name officially of the group is jama‘atu
Alis-sunna Lidda‘awth wal jihad‖, which in Arabic translated to people
committed to the propagation of the teaching of prophet and jihad‖
literally therefore, the group means ―Association of sunnis for the
propagation of Islam and for Holy war.
Insurgence:- This is defined as a political battle waged among a
cooperative or acquiescence populace in order for a group of outsiders
to take over (or at lest undermine) the government of a nation.
Crime:- On the definition of crime, the united Nation Research institution. Observed that
Crime in the sense of branch of a legal prohibition, is a universal
concepts, out what actually constitutes a crime and how seriously it
should be regarded, varies enormously from one society to another
perception of crime are not determined by any objective indictor of the
degree of injury or damage, but by culture values and power relations
(UN Research institute for social development, (1995).
In a strict legal definition, however, a crime is a violation of the
criminal law, which is subsequently followed by legal punishment
(Dambazau, 2007).
Violence:- Violence is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as
the international use of physical force of power, threatened or actual
against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that
either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injuries,
death psychological harm, mal development or deprivation. (Wikipedia,
WHO).
Sect:- Sect can be seen as a body of persons distinguished by
pecularities of faith and practice form other bodies adhering to the
same general system. Specially, the adherents collectively of a
particular creed or confession a demonation or older form of faith or
believe (Britanic world language dictionary).
Peace:- Peace is generally defined as the absence of war, conflict,
anxiety, suffering and violence and absolute peaceful co-existence.
However, peace connotes more than a mere absence of war hostilities
because an absence of conflict is inevitable. Therefore, peace could be
defined as a political condition that ensure justice and social
stability through formal or informal institutions, practices and norms
(Howard, 1987).
Security:- Security can be defined to mean ― the total sum of action and
measures, including legislative and operational procedures, adopted to
ensure peace, stability and the general well being of a nation and its
citizens (Shinikaiye, 2004:2).
Terrorism:- Terrorism is perhaps the most controversial problematic
concept to define in the world to day. This is made more problematic
blurred distinction between legitimate act of resistance and criminal
act of terrorism. Despite these difficulties, however, terrorism could
conceptualized as the politically motivated acts of violation
perpetrated against civilian targets with the aim of inflicting mass
causalities, instilling fear and a sense of insecurity and affecting a
change in the policies and action of the victims (Nolan, 1998).
National Security:- National security is best described as a capacity to
control those domestic and foreign conditions that the public opinion
of a given community believes necessary to enjoy its own
self-determination or autonomy, prosperity and well being (Maier
(2000:5).
Islamic Fundamentalism:- Islamic Fundamentalism is a term used to
describe religious ideologies seen as advocating a return to the
fundamentals of Islam, the Quran and the Summah, it is deemed
problematic by those who suggest that Islamic belief requires all
Muslims to be fundamentalists (Bernard, 1993). Islamic fundamentalist
oppose the infiltration of secular and westernizing influences and seek
to institute Islamic law including in Muslim and strict code of
behaviour.
Domestic Terrorism:- Domestic Terrorism is the commission of terrorist
attacks in a state by forces inside or originating from the state, as
opposed to terrorist attacks by forces external to the state. In other
words,domestic terrorism is a terrorist act practice in one‘s own
country against her own people (online dictionary).
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