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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of Study
Contemporary military history of the Niger Delta of Nigeria shows that the Nigerian military has been actively involved in counterinsurgency. A background of the geopolitics[1] of the Niger Delta becomes necessary to explain why the Nigerian military assumed such responsibility for a role that would have passed for a police job. The geopolitics of the Niger Delta projects it as the single richest geographical region in Africa.[2]It wasas navigable waterways that the rivers of the Niger Delta became so important in the economic history of modern Nigeria.3Historically known as the Slave Coast and later as the Oil Rivers, the area was chiefly remarkable among British West African possessions for the exceptional facilities which they offered for penetrating the interior by means of large and navigable streams and by a wonderful system of natural canalization which connects all the branches of the lower
Niger by means of deep creek.[3]
However, in contemporary political history of Nigeria, the term Niger Delta has taken on so many definitions in Nigeria that the actual meaning is almost lost to the politics of opportunism. In one broad sense, it refers to oil bearing areas of Nigeria, while in another rather restrictive sense it is employed to describe the ethnographic area with a peculiar ethnic make-up viz: Ijaw, Itsekiri, Urhobo, Isoko, Ogoni, Eleme, Ibibio, Ikwere, Kalabari, Efik, Okirika, Andoni, the Obolo and Opobian as well as Etche, Ekpeye, Ogba, Egbema, Engenne
and Abua.[4] These body of controversy on the actual area that constitutes the Niger Delta has given rise to terms like the “historical Niger Delta,” the “political Niger Delta” and the
“geographical Niger Delta.”
Figure: Historical Map of the Niger Delta
Source: Cosmas Ndichie, Cartographer, Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
The historical Niger Delta is restricted to the areas now covered by five states namely; Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta and Rivers States. It follows the original description of the Niger Delta as given by the Willink Commission of 1958.[5] This description does not include the Igbo-speaking areas of Abia and Imo states as well as the Yoruba area of Ondo state as it is today.7 This leaves the Niger Delta comprising Rivers, Bayelsa, Delta, Akwa Ibom, Cross River and Edo states. Historically, Benin, as an area, came into the picture of the Niger Delta on February 22, 1890 when the term “Oil Rivers Protectorate” was employed in the instructions issued by the Secretary of State under the Order in Council of October 15
1899.[6]
The political Niger Delta enlarges the scope of the geographical and historical Niger Delta to include all oil bearing states found in the South-South, South-East and South West region of the country. To this end, the present Niger Delta is made up of nine oil bearing states (Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo and Rivers states) out of the thirty-six states in Nigeria. It equally has one hundred and eighty-five local government areas out of a total of seven hundred and seventy-four local government areas in
Nigeria[7](see Figure 1.3).
Figure 1.2: Map of Nigeria Showing the nine states of the Niger Delta
Source: Cosmas Ndichie, Cartographer, Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Figure 1.3: Land and Population of the Niger Delta
States
Land (Sq/m)
Area
Population
Males
Females
Capitals
No. of LGs
Abia
6,320
2,845,380
1,430,298
1,415,082
Umuahia
17
A/Ibom
7,081
3,902,051
1,983,202
1,983,202
Uyo
31
Bayelsa
10,773
1,704,515
874,083
830,432
Yenagoa
8
C/River
20,156
2,892,988
1,471,967
1,421,021
Calabar
18
Delta
17,698
4,112,445
2,069,309
2,043,136
Asaba
25
Edo
17,802
3,233,366
1,633,946
1,599,420
Benin
18
Imo
5,530
3,927,563
1,976,471
1,951,092
Owerri
16
Ondo
15,500
3,460,877
1,745,057
1,715,820
Akure
18
Rivers
11,077
5,198,716
2,673,026
2,525,690
P/Harcourt
23
Total (9)
111,937
31,277,901
15,857,359
15,420,542
9
185
Source:National Population Commission, 2009 Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette No. 2. Vol. 96, February 2, 2009
The geographical Niger Delta has been argued to be the “Delta of the Niger,” made up of Delta, Bayelsa and Rivers states and shaped by River Niger and its tributaries.[8] Advocates of this posi
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