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ABSTRACT
One of the biggest challenges facing ECOWAS member states and Nigeria in particular is arms proliferation. It has stoked ethnic clashes and simmering unrest in the Niger Delta region
of Nigeria. It is against this background that the ECOWAS Moratorium
and subsequently the ECOWAS Convention on small arms and light weapons (SALW)
was adopted by member states. Such as the Amnesty programme organized
by the Yar’dua’s administration in Nigeria. The study has been designed
to critically appraise the 2009 Amnesty programme in Nigeria as an arms control measure.
To achieve this aim, the study was guided by two research questions and
two hypotheses. To analyse the issues generated, we predicated analyses
on the Relative Deprivation theory. The theory x-rays what has continuously fuelled armed struggle in the Niger Delta in spite of the Amnesty programme. Our research design was non experimental and
we relied on primary and secondary sources of data. After a detailed
analysis of relevant data, the study revealed that even though it is too
early to appraise the Amnesty programme
in Nigeria, recent armed
occurrences in the region has not even given the programme a step in the
right direction. The study therefore, concludes that addressing the
general poverty of the region can stem the tide of armed conflict
instead of a massive rehabilitation of militants that surrendered their
arms.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The crisis in the Niger Delta of Nigeria is increasingly attracting international attention due both to the growing security threat it portends for the Nigerian stateand,
particularly, due to its impact on international oil prices. Although
the Niger Delta problem has been around for several decades, the
emergence of organized and militant pressure groups in the 1990s has
added a new dimension to the crisis.
Protests and the threat of
outright rebellion against the state are now ubiquitous. Environmental
activism and militancy are a direct response to the impunity, human
rights violations, and perceived neglect of the region by the Nigerian
state on the one hand and through sustained environmental hazards
imposed on local Niger Delta communities as a result of the oil
production activities of multinational oil companies on the other.
From
a contemporary global perspective, the dramatic upsurge in violent
confrontation and protest against the state and oil multinationals in
the 1990s coincided with the end of the Cold War. In essence, ‘soft’
issues such as the environment, gender equity and equality, human
rights, democracy and good
governance have attained primacy on the
international agenda. International concern over the crisis in the Niger
Delta, including its attendant social and humanitarian implications,
should be viewed within the context of this global attitudinal shift
(Ojakorotu, 2009).
The internationalization of the Niger Delta crisis
derives partly from the systematic publicity and struggle of the
environmentalist, the late Ken Saro-Wiwa.
Saro-Wiwa not only succeeded in directing the attention of the
international community to the plight of the people of the Niger Delta
but also – through his advocacy – paved the way for robust
international/civil society engagement with the issues at the core of
the crisis in the region (Ojakorotu, 2009).
Armnesty International (2009), states that, Ken Saro-Wiwa was executed, along with eight other members of the Ogoni people,
by the Nigerian State in 1995. The executions alerted the world to the
devastating impact of the oil industry in the Niger Delta, including how
the environmental damage caused by the oil industry was damaging the
health and livelihoods of the Ogoni people. Ken Saro-Wiwa was a
leading
figure in the 500,000-strong Ogoni community in Rivers State and played
a key role in drafting the 1990 Ogoni Bill of Rights, which highlighted
the lack of political representation, pipe-borne water, electricity,
job opportunities and federal development projects for communities in
the area. He was a founder and president of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP),
which demanded that oil companies and the government clean up the
environment and pay adequate compensation and royalties to the
oil-producing regions.
International Crisis Group,
ICG, (2006: i) argued that a “potent cocktail of poverty, crime and
corruption is fuelling a militant threat to Nigeria’s reliability as a
major oil producer”, and one might add, the banality of state power in
the country.
Prior to the 1990s, Niger Delta communities articulated
their grievances within the framework of a peaceful but assertive demand
for greater political and administrative autonomy, devolution of power
and state creation. They believed these to be the best routes to
bringing government closer to the people and setting the stage for
sustainable political, economic and social development. Although there
is still a
strong undercurrent of politically defined agitations, the
tactic has changed to that of a vociferous demand for greater fiscal
allocations based on a reworked revenue allocation formula granting oil
communities larger shares of oil revenue, and to resource control, i.e.
the right of communities to own oil wealth while paying rent and royalty
to the state. There are, of course, some justifiable grounds for these
increasingly assertive demands. For instance, Ukeje (nd:6-7) noted that:
After
almost five decades of oil exploration and production, the oil
communities have become miserably impoverished far more than other parts
of the federation. ….host oil communities have watched as huge revenues
accruing from crude oil went disproportionately towards the physical
development of other regions, and caused reckless squandering by other
regional elites, and their own too.
That years of unregulated and irresponsible oil production have left
many communities in irreversible ruins, even as their access to basic
subsistence opportunities is undermined. And that oil communities’
argued with justification that prior to the advent of crude oil, the
different regions developed on the basis of generous annual fiscal
allocations based on the principle of derivation. But with oil
displacing other commodities, the revenue allocation formula has
steadily nosedived: from 100% to 50% and presently, 13% (Ukeje, nd:6-7).
It
is a curious irony that communities hosting the oil and gas industry in
many weak and developing countries often lived in abject poverty,
unemployment, poor health, etc . Idemudia and Ite (2006: 402) believed
that the paradox of oil wealth is the byproduct of structural
deficiencies inherent in the Nigerian State.
In Nigeria, the culture
of impunity and the easy availability of small arms diminish people’s
capacity to be open and be tolerant with each other. The possibility of
conflict is intensified by the oil exploitation in Niger Delta region,
where underdevelopment is caused by environmental damage and the
inequitable sharing of petro-dollars. Not even the Federal Government
that should mediate conflicts has
demonstrated any neutrality. It
dispenses more violence invoking the bogey of “national security”. This
undermines humanitarian principles and poses a challenge for
governance, threatening the stability of the country. Peace and security
is a sine qua non for sustainable development in any society. Thus in
the Niger Delta region, where there is a large influx of small arms and
where peace and security are noticeably absent, there is a need for
concerted analysis and action.
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