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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
Accounting information has been the major input in capital allocation decisions of
investors and lenders in the capital markets. Specifically, accounting earnings remain the
strategic financial statement variable for assessing firm‟s viability and future prospects. For
accounting earnings to be useful and relevance to investors and lenders it has to be of higher
quality, that is, free from errors and material misstatements. Accounting information particularly
the “earnings” indicate firm‟s direction, reduces information asymmetry and ensures efficient
capital allocation. This is achievable only if the managers did not interfere with the financial
reporting process. The incidences of corporate failures that are related to creative accounting
practices has raised concerns and remain a topical to researchers, regulators, standard setters, and
investors in the 21st century and during the last two decades in particular. This rising concern
among the stakeholders is not unrelated to some accounting practices that threaten the quality of
corporate financial reporting and erode public confidence in the accounting profession. It also
raised concerns about the reliability and credibility of financial reporting globally (Ge & Kim,
2013).
Corporate financial reporting is the management‟s responsibility, through which the
managers communicate their stewardship performance to the owners and other stakeholders.
Several researches on Capital Market are of the view that stock market responds favorably to
earnings news when reported earnings meet or beat earnings expectations, while it reacts
unfavorably when reported earnings fall short of earnings benchmarks. To avoid unfavorable
reactions, managers have a tendency to avoid the release of bad earnings news at times of
1
earnings announcements (Ge & Kim, 2013). As such managers can manipulate earnings through
discretionary accounting choices (accrual-based earnings management) or by structuring real
transactions and/or changing their timing (real earnings management). Earnings management is
known in increasing information asymmetry between managers and outsiders and hide firm‟s
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