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production values of birds fed 10% sweet potato peel meal (82.31days) was statistically similar with birds fed 0% sweet potato diets (82.31). There was no mortality recorded during the grower and laying phase. Inclusion of sweet potato and sweet potato peel meals in the diets of Japanese quails did not result in any detrimental effect on overall performance. Thus substituting maize with sweet potato meal at 10% inclusion and sweet potato peel meal at 10% inclusion in Japanese quails diet resulted in enhanced growth and egg production performance at the least cost. At the growing phase, diets containing sweet potato meal at 10, 20 and 30% levels of inclusion reduced cost of production by 1.97%( 0.62), 3.21% ( 1.01) and 5.35% ( 1.68) respectively while diets containing 10 and 30% sweet potato peel meal reduced the cost of production by 59.04% ( 18.55) and 66.58% ( 66.58) respectively.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Poultry is an important source of protein to the ever-expanding human population. The cost of
feed has been identified by farmers as the major constraint in poultry production (Munyawu et
al., 1998). The poultry producers have experienced a rise in the cost of production due to the
increasing cost of feed. The cost of maize which makes 65 % of the current poultry feeds is
very high (Scott, 1995; Mutetwa, 1996). Maize has a lot of industrial and domestic uses, such
as bio-fuel, brewing, starch industries and for human food. However, inadequate production of
this grain and the intense competition for maize between man, industries and livestock has
made poultry rations to be expensive. This situation has forced poultry farms and feed millers
to search for alternative feed ingredients which are available in large quantities, cheaper and
can substitute for the scarce and expensive maize. Some of these feed alternatives are sweet
potato (Ipomoea batatas) and their peels, which have great potentials as energy sources in
poultry nutrition.
Prices of poultry products, especially eggs keep rising as a result of the rise in the costs of feed,
which constitute between 60-80% of the total production costs (Nuhu et al., 2008). The
conventional energy feed sources constitute between 40-65% of formulated poultry diets and
have high price tags as a result of their numerous alternative uses (Afolayan, 2010). Among
these sources, maize is the most widely employed for poultry feed formulation (Vantsawa,
2001; Afolayan et al., 2012). In order to step down the problem of high and unstable price
situation and save the poultry industry from collapse, there is need to broaden the energy
1
source base by assessing unconventional feedstuffs (Afolayan et al., 2012). Maize and sweet
potato have comparable metabolizable energy values of 14.5 and 14.8 Kcal respectively
(Woolfe, 1992). The digestibility of sweet potato carbohydrate fraction is reported to be above
90% (Ravindran, 1995). However, the level of starch decreases with period of storage and
instead the level of reducing sugars, total sugars and total dextrins increase (Woolfe, 1992).
Sweet potatoes have also been reported to exhibit trypsin inhibitor activity ranging from 20 to
90 % inhibition (Woolfe, 1992). However, Ravindran (1995) reported that trypsin inhibitor
levels present in sweet potato tubers are low and should not be a cause for concern under
practical situations. A study carried out in Nigeria recommended 27 and 30 % levels of sweet
potato in the starter and finisher diets of poultry, respectively (Agwunobi, 1999). However,
Woolfe (1992) reported having replaced 50 to 75% of maize in poultry feed with dried sweet
potato flour without adverse effects on the growth of broilers.
The pollution caused by the potato peels as waste product has become an environmental
concern. It poses a lot of problems for disposal especially during the wet season as it decays
easily and pollutes the environment. Potato is processed into value added products by fast food
industries. Sweet Potato is usually peeled during processing either by steam, lye or abrasive
peeling methods depending on the type of products desired. However, large quantities of peels
are generated which represent a severe disposal problem with increasing awareness and aims
of minimizing environmental impact and sustainability (Schieber et al., 2009). Potato peels
contain some nutritionally and pharmacologically interesting compounds such as polyphenols
and glycoalkaloids which may serve as natural antioxidants and precursors for steroid
hormones (Schieber et al., 2009). Potatoes are good sources of energy due to their high
carbohydrate content. They also contain some protein and are rich in organic micronutrient
such as Vitamin C, B vitamins and an appreciable level of minerals. Sweet potatoes are also a
2
very valuable source of feed for all classes of livestock (Woolfe, 1992). The tubers are relished
by pigs and cattle. In 2007, half of the sweet potato tuber production went into animal feeding
in United State of America (USA) and United Kingdom (Lebot, 2009; Chittaranjan, 2007).
Sweet potatoes can be used on-farm or as an ingredient in commercial compound feeds (Scott,
1992; Gupta et al., 2009). The peels, which are the major portion of processing waste,
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