1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

States all over the world design and implement foreign policies in order to guide their foreign relations as well as protect, promote and defend their vital national interests which could be in areas of trade, strategic and diplomatic interest and whatever a country might consider as its vital national interests so therefore, foreign policy is a reflection of domestic policy, it is the promotion of national interest at international level. To this end, the history of Nigeria foreign policy since 1960 has constantly been changing, though the principles guiding her foreign relations remain the same either under military or civilian regimes in the recent past, because various regimes have tried to pursue the country's foreign policy under almost the same objectives, the style and vigor of their leadership, agenda setting, mobilization of critical material and immaterial resources have differed with consequent difference in concrete national goal attainments (Nwankwo,2013:213). The principles of Nigeria‟s foreign policy have since independence in 1960 been broadly spelt out in the constitution and has tenaciously guided the conduct of its foreign relations over the years from the first Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa, to the Former Head of State, President Goodluck Jonathan. The principles of Nigeria foreign policy deals with what guides the formulation and actualization of its foreign policy, in other to ensure the survival of the state and its values in the course of its relations with other actors especially states in the international system. In the speeches of Nigeria‟s first Prime Minister Sir Tafawa Balewa, to the Federal House of Representatives and the United Nations General Assembly on 20th August and 7th October 1960 respectively, he enunciated the general principles which would guide the country‟s foreign policy (Review of Nigeria‟s Foreign Policy; 2012, P289).

The principles which have imbued Nigerians foreign policy since independence include the following; protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Nigerian state, promotion

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of the socio-economic well-being of Nigeria, enhancing Nigeria‟s image and status in the world at large, respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of other states, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states, promotion of unity and solidarity of African states; total political, economic, social and cultural emancipation and rejuvenation of Africa, an unflinching commitment to the liberation of countries still under colonial rule, as well as the removal of remaining vestiges of colonialism in Africa (Nigeria at the United Nations; Partnership for a Better World 1991: P29). However, foreign policy in the contemporary world has taken a completely new shape, the foreign policy of a state in today‟s world must consider issues such as; production, exchange, technology, markets, economic development, political stability and predictability, prevailing leadership and its qualities which are prerequisites for effective foreign policy-making process, this implies the need for a shift in paradigm of Nigeria‟s foreign policy principles in respect to the dynamics that will shape the formulation and actualization of the foreign policy objectives of Nigeria and prior to this, the advent of democratic government in 1999 in which section 19 of the 1999 constitution states that, foreign policy principles shall be; promotion of a just world economic order among others (Review of Nigeria‟s Foreign Policy; 2012, P289). Also, with the advent of democratization, as well as the eradication of apartheid and racism in the continent of Africa in early 20th century as well as the declining economic setbacks brought about the change in Nigeria‟s foreign policy focus which led to the emergence of economic diplomacy aimed at strengthening Nigeria‟s economic interest, promoting and protecting the country‟s national interest, has become a significant priority of the Nigeria foreign policy.

They have been a number of visions, programs and policies pursued by various heads of government of Nigeria, either under the military or civilian regimes which is directed towards

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socio-economic reforms since independence in 1960, this is consequent upon the fact that Nigeria‟s foreign policy has always been a product of the Head of State, thus the President must accept responsibility for policy concept and design. Different heads of state as well as president of Nigeria has adopted foreign policy as an instrument of economic development, economic development is a policy intervention aimed at the economic and social well-being of the citizens, economic growth, increasing the literacy ratio, improve infrastructure and health care services. Alhaji Shehu Shagari, who was elected in 1979 and ruled up to January 1984, tagged his policy as the Green Revolution, aimed at transforming the agricultural sector and use the gains to thereafter to revolutionize other key sectors of the nation‟s economy. Shortly after these General Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida took over the mantle of leadership in 1984 and hinged his administration policy package on the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) aimed at addressing fundamental and structural imbalance in the economy, diversify the economy, and strengthen the currency, this he did by opening up the domestic economy to international market forces and institutions such as World Bank (IBRD) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) to play key roles with the hope of using the benefits to transform the whole economy. Thereafter, General Sani Abacha came into power in 1993 after the controversial annulment of the 1993 presidential elections with a different focus on the foreign policy objective of Nigeria and tagged his policy thrust vision 2010 which was aimed at reducing the influence of international financial institutions and centered mainly on the exploitation of domestic efforts towards transforming the economy. In 1999 to 2007, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo became the president; his first four years in office were focused mainly on consolidating democracy. Thereafter, he concentrated on reforms in Banking and Telecommunication sectors; he also initiated the National Economic Empowerment and development Strategies (NEEDS), this reform program rested on four key

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strategies which were; reforming government and institutions, growing the private sector, implementing a social charter and value re-orientation. These policies, combined together have been widely acclaimed as successful as they have had some appreciable impact on other sectors of the economy. Another foreign policy reversal introduced by Alhaji Musa Yar‟adua following his election and inauguration in may 2007, his foreign policy thrust was tagged the 7-point Agenda; were he identified seven sectors of the economy as the main source of transforming the entire economy. Due to the medical conditions of President Umaru Musa Yar‟adua, a Federal High Court on the 13th of January 2010 conferred on the then Vice President Goodluck Jonathan the power to carry out state affairs but was formally sworn in on the 6th of May 2010 following the formal announcement of the death of President Umaru Musa Yar‟adua the previous day.

President Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as the 14th Head of State on the 29th of May 2011, at his inauguration he directed for a review of Nigeria‟s foreign policy with focus on Nigeria‟s domestic priorities which has continued to propel Nigeria‟s actions and reactions on the international arena; these key domestic priorities include good governance, electoral reforms, transparency and anti-corruption, commerce and industry, energy (electricity supply) reform and investment, defense and security as well as agricultural and rural development. And thus tagged his foreign policy thrust as the Transformation Agenda which covers the period 2011 to 2015, according to President Goodluck Jonathan (2011), Nigeria‟s foreign policy and diplomacy are now anchored on the realization of the Transformation Agenda through the attraction of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and most particularly the diversification of the entire economy from total dependence on oil to a significant reliance on non-oil driven economy upon which real economic growth and development can be founded. The Transformation Agenda of President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan draws its aspirations from Nigeria‟s vision 20:2020 which was

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articulated under the administration of President Olusegun Obasanjo (1999-2007) in the fourth republic. The Transformation Agenda captures among other things, the road map and blue print to achieving national economic growth and becoming one of the twenty largest economies in the world by 2020 ( Gyong; European Scientific Journal, vol8).

President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan at his inauguration inherited a nation with a battered image because of the ill health of his predecessor and his inability to attend important international meetings, Nigeria lost many positions in multilateral associations, forsook obligations and thus the ship of the Nigerian state was sailing rudderless on the international waters of foreign policy prompting President Goodluck Jonathan to center his foreign policy on Citizen Diplomacy which involve diplomatic shuttles with the aim of returning Nigeria to the international arena, such as the delisting of Nigeria from the discriminatory rule of the Department of Homeland Security on special screening of passengers on international flights to United States of America that specifically targeted Nigerians due to the Christmas day attempted bombing of United States of America airline by a Nigerian in 2009 consequently leading to the signing of the first United States of America-Nigeria Bi-national Commission in April 2010, aimed to establish a mechanism for sustained bilateral high level dialogue to promote and increase diplomatic, economic and security co-operation between the two countries, shortly after the visit of President Goodluck Jonathan to United States of America. Also, in line with the Citizen Diplomacy Agenda, President Goodluck Jonathan took time to interact with Nigerians abroad and showed his ready to take up their problems with their host countries by engineering a purposeful mobilization and instrumentalisation of Nigerians in the Diaspora for national development through the formation of the Nigerians in Diaspora Organization (NIDO) in all countries where

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there are Nigerians. Remarkably, all these are the component of the foreign policy objectives of the Transformation Agenda (Nwankwo2013:215).

Furthermore, for the past two years the Nigerian economy has been growing consistently by nearly 7% per annum, this is one of the highest growth rates in the world owing to the economy reforms of the Transformation Agenda which has made Nigeria the biggest economy in Africa with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for 2013 totaled 80.3 trillion naira and according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in its 2012 investment report; Nigeria has become the number one destination for foreign investments in Africa. The Transformation Agenda aims to deepen the effects and provide a sense of priority policies and programs which when implemented would transform the Nigerian Economy to meet the future needs of the people. However, we must put at the back of our mind that Transformation Agenda cannot be realize in a corrupt system; therefore sincerity of purpose should e the ladder for the attainment of the Transformation Agenda. To this end, this paper examines the economic direction of Transformation Agenda as well as its role as the foreign policy thrust of President Goodluck Jonathan, the paper focuses on the economic growth of Nigeria within the time frame of 2011 to 2015

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Nigeria government is characterized by an inconsistent foreign policy which has made her a scorn in the committee of nations; this has led to the question on how to manage the foreign policy of Nigeria to serve her domestic economic development interest. It is against this backdrop that Transformation Agenda was formulated as the foreign policy thrust of the present administration, in which Nigeria‟s economy has grown very fast in the last few years making her

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the largest economy in Africa. However, the challenge before the government is how to move the nation away from an oil-dominated economy, institute the basics for a private-sector driven economy, build the local economy on international best practices, and transform the passive oil industry to a more pro-active one and restructure the country along the lines of a more decentralized federalism.

The problem being looked into in this research is the Economic Developmental problem facing Nigeria since independence. There are various problems related to the development of Nigeria Economy. This paper identifies the following factors;