- The Complete Research Material is averagely 73 pages long and it is in Ms Word Format, it has 1-5 Chapters.
- Major Attributes are Abstract, All Chapters, Figures, Appendix, References.
- Study Level: BTech, BSc, BEng, BA, HND, ND or NCE.
- Full Access Fee: ₦4,000
Get the complete project »

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the study
Cervical cancer remains the commonest genital tract cancer yet it is largely preventable by effective screening programmes. Considerable reduction in cervical cancer incidence and deaths has been achieved in developed nations with systematic cytological smear screening
programmes.(Babatunde&Ikimalo,2010; Mutyaha,Mmiro& Weiderpass,2006).
One woman dies of cervical cancer in every two minutes worldwide, 80% of these deaths occur in developing nations.(Okunnu 2010 ).
For every two women who die of breast cancer, one dies from cervical cancer worldwide. It is 2nd most common cancer in women worldwide and most common in African women thus the most leading cause of cancer deaths in women in sub-Saharan Africa including Nigeria with a very poor 6-year survival rate.(Okunnu,2010; Obi,Ozumba& Onyebuchi,2008; Oguntayo Samaila,2008;Papadopoulos,Devaja,Cason &Raji,2000).
Most cervical cancers are caused by HPV infection with two prominent types, (16 and 18) which are responsible for about 70% of all cases. [National cancer institute, 2007]. They can both be prevented and
12
detected early. Prevention can be achieved by immunizing young girls between the ages of 9-16 [before the age of sexual debut] while cervical screening is used for early detection. (Qiao, 2008, WHO, 2006).
Studies conducted in some parts of Africa, Nigeria inclusive reported that in Benin Nigeria, Carcinoma of the cervix constitute 74.6% of all malignant gynaecological tumors with stage IIb and above constituting 67.6%of all cases; in Zaria it accounted for 66.2% with advanced carcinoma of the cervix stage IIb and above making up 58.7% of the cases. In Kenya, 55% of patients presented with stage III diseases and beyond (stage iv-v).
Otolorin&sule (2008) also reported that in Nigeria, cervical cancer affects 29women per 100,000 women. Some factors have been implicated in this tragic and unnecessary loss of lives. WHO (2006), observed that many women do not attend screening programmes because of ignorance of the risk for cervical cancer and/or the benefit of screening in its early detection and cure.
Qiao (2008) from his clinical study reported that well organized cervical cancer prevention programmes based on primary screening with cervical cytology lead to impressive reductions in cervical cancer rates in developed Countries. Screening in the UK saves up to 5000 lives per year (Olaitan, 2008).
13
Consequently in industrialized world, effective screening programme has helped identify precancerous lesions at a stage when they can be easily treated thereby leading to impressive reduction in cervical cancer death rates while lack of screening programmes in poorest countries means that the disease is not identified until it is too late resulting in high mortality (Ojiyi&Dike, 2010 ; Qiao, 2008).This is similar to what is prevalent in Nigeria where most cervical cancer cases seen in health facilities are in stages II and above.
Cervical screening is a health intervention used on population of woman at risk of developing cervical cancer [WHO, 2008]. It is not undertaken to diagnose the disease but to identify individuals with a high probability of having or developing the disease at the precancerous stage. The individual may actually feel perfectly healthy and may see no reason to visit a health facility. Preventing the incidence of cancer causing Human papilloma virus infection, significantly reduces the incidence of cervical cancer and the burden of the sickness on women, family and the nation at large.
There are different screening programmes that can be used to detect the precancerous changes so as to prevent the development of the diseases and curb its serious consequences. Some of these programmes include; visual method such as Pap smear or visual inspection with acetic acid
14
(VIA), visual inspection with Lugol’s iodine (VLI), care Human papilloma virus [care-HPV], HPV-DNA based screening among others.
The screening programmes are performed by qualified health professionals and they serve as models to the public. They are generally believed to be well informed on health issues better than the public. Their attitude and practice transcends to society health behaviors. Female Health workers are expected to have a better understanding of the benefits of cervical screening than women in other spheres of life, thus be effective agents in creating and disseminating information about the importance of the screening programmes for the sexually active, post menopausal women as well as immunization for the girl child between the ages of 9- 16 years by example. Thus their attitude and practice towards screening for cervical cancer have a far reaching implications to its acceptance consequently contributing to the reduction in death of women from cervical cancer.
Statement of problem
Cervical cancer screening (CCS) has been identified as an effective instrument in early detection as well as cure for cervical cancer. Yet women are still dying of cervical cancer, which could have been prevented given the new technologies available. It has been observed that the commitment of health workers towards exclusive breastfeeding has served as a good motivator to the mothers, this has resulted in
15
asignificant reduction of infant mortality. Ana, Mercedes, Jeremy,Jose,( 2001) observed thatexclusive breast feeding of infants aged 0-3 months and partial breast feeding for the remainder of the first year would prevent about 52 000 infant deaths a year in Latin America. They further observed that, promotion of breast feeding has an important role in increasing survival of infants. In the same vein if the female health workers are committed to cervical cancer screening, thiswill motivate the women to participate in the screening,thushelping in reduction of the incidence and mortality as has been observed with that of exclusive breastfeeding.
Women in other spheres of life without much knowledge about health issues look up to female health workers for positive health behaviours such as participating in the uptake of CCS, thus female health workers have strong influence on women and as such are role models in health issues. Reviewed literature revealed that there seem to be a problem of uptake of CCS among the womenfolk resulting in high incidence, mortality and poor treatment outcome of cervical cancer. It is in the light of these that the following pertinent questions are seeking for answers; What is the attitude of female health workers towards the uptake of cervical cancer screening; how do the female health workers in the studied institution practice CCS; how does profession influence the attitude of female health workers towards the uptake of cervical cancer
16
screening; and how does profession influence the practice of cervical cancer screening by female health workers?
Purpose
The purpose of the study is to examine the attitude and practice of female health workers towards cervical cancer screening at university of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Rivers state.
Objectives
The objectives of this study are to;
You either get what you want or your money back. T&C Apply

You can find more project topics easily, just search
-
SIMILAR NURSING FINAL YEAR PROJECT RESEARCH TOPICS
-
1. Assessment of access and use of protective methods among patients availing hiv/aids health care services in anambra state university teaching hospital
» TABLE OF CONTENT Title Page———i Certification——–ii Dedication———iii Acknowledgement—— iv Abstract ———vi Table of Contentâ€...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 50 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | NURSING DEPARTMENT
-
2. SOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE OCCURRENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN GBOKO LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF BENUE STATE
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Hypertension remains a major global public health challenge that has been identified as the leading r...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | NURSING DEPARTMENT
-
3. ASSESSING PSYCHO-SOCIAL CHALLENGES OF WOMEN WITH VESICO-VAGINA FISTULA AT NATIONAL OBSTETRIC FISTULA CENTRE, ABAKALIKI, EBONYI STATE
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Frajznygier, Ruminjo & Barone (2012), described vesico vagina fistula (VVF) as an abnormal openin...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 91 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | NURSING DEPARTMENT
-
4. INFANT WEANING KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES AMONG MOTHERS IN IKENNE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OGUN STATE
» ABSTRACT Weaning is the introduction of supplementary food to a child’s diet after the first six months of life. Early introduction of feeds and inc...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | NURSING DEPARTMENT
-
5. THE INCIDENCE OF CHOLERA AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN BENIN CITY
» Abstract This research work was designed to examine and analyze the incidence of cholera among children in Benin City. Four (4) research questions wer...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 69 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | NURSING DEPARTMENT
-
6. FOOD CRAVING AND AVERSION AMONG FIRST TIME PREGNANT WOMEN IN SELECTED HEALTH FACILITIES IN ENUGU METROPOLIS ENUGU STATE
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Good nutrition before and during pregnancy builds a healthy fetus and protects the mothers own nutrit...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 110 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | NURSING DEPARTMENT
-
7. THE INFLUENCE OF STRESS ON WORK BEHAVIOR AMONG NURSES
» Abstract Occupational stress can no longer be considered an occasional, personal problem to be remedied with palliatives. It is becoming an increasing...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 50 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | NURSING DEPARTMENT
-
8. KNOWLEDGE AND UTILIZATION OF POST ABORTION CARE SERVICES AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN OBANLIKU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF CROSS RIVER STATE
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Abortion is illegal or restricted in many developing countries causing women to seek unsafe abortion ...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 92 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | NURSING DEPARTMENT
-
9. UTILIZATION OF NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME(NHIS) AMONG HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS WORKING AT UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, ITUKU- OZALLA, EN...
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Health insurance as a health care financing mechanism has become a sought after approach to the probl...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | NURSING DEPARTMENT
-
10. NON ADHERENCE TO MANAGEMENT REGIMEN AMONG ADULTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS ATTENDING OUTPATIENT CLINIC OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPIT...
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the study Poor adherence to prescribed protocols of long term therapies is a pervasive and costly problem in th...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 100 pages |
Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | NURSING DEPARTMENT