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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The results of population pressure, urbanization and socio-economic
growth have great social and economic impact on land issues in Nigeria.
This therefore makes people to move from rural to urban areas and
therefore, congested urban areas are in need for expansion but land is
too scarce. Hence, to acquire land became even impossible because of the
cost of compensation. These difficulties faced by both the people and
governments make it necessary for the government to do something about land distribution
in Nigeria. Consequently, the Rent Control Panel was appointed in 1976
and saddled with the responsibility to study the system of land
distribution and speculation. They therefore recommended among other
things, that the federal military government should take over all land
in the country. This and many panels and committees necessitated the
enactment of the Land Use
Act which provides the framework of national policy in Nigeria and
enables the government to control the use of which the land can be put
in all parts of the country. To make the above policy of nationalizing
land effective, the land use Act provides for “right of Occupancy” which
gives the holder a mere right of possession and not ownership. Hence,
two types of occupancies are provided for namely: Statutory Right
of Occupancy (SRO) and Customary Rights of Occupancy (CRO). However,
the Act stipulates that those rights granted to holders can only be
alienated when governor‟s consent is first had and obtained. And failure
to secure that consent may render any transaction or alienation null and void.
Therefore the above provisions of the land use Act make land transactions very
difficult, thereby making grants very complicated. These problems can
among others be attributed to inadequacy of the law regulating land
transaction (Land Use Act), on one hand and the conflict of
interpretation of the requirement of Governor‟s consent on the other.
Thus, the research aims at appraising and analyzing alienation of right
of occupancy, consent requirements and the problems it created. It also
looks at the issues and challenges of the area and proffers some
solutions.
1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Research
The aim of this research is to appraise alienation of the right of
occupancy under the Nigerian law. The objectives of the research are:
a. To analyze Governor‟s consent under the Land Use Act,
b. To examine problems and controversies created by the consent requirement as
well as the hardship meted out by the interpretation of sections 21 and 22 of the
Land Use Act.
c. To also bring out some issues and challenges and finally offers some solutions to
the problems associated with the area of the research.
1.3 Scope of the Research
This research work is restricted to Alienation
of Right of Occupancy in Nigeria. Hence, more emphasis is placed on
right of occupancy, alienation of right of occupancy and the requirement
of governor‟s consent as provided under Sections 21 and 22 of the Land
Use Act. More so, the work touches some aspects of alienation under
customary law, other laws and some other legislation As such, local
cases on alienation of land in Nigeria, some of the provisions of the
Land Use Act and other legislations on alienation of land are referred
to.
1.4 Statement of the Problem
One of the problems the research discovers is that of consent
requirement, to which the Act stipulates that it must be first had and
obtained from the governor of a state. This is because even though there
have been interesting developments from the courts since the ruling in
Savannah Bank Ltd. v. Ajilo concerning governor‟s consent, yet some
decisions appear to be directly opposite of Ajilo‟s case. This creates
problems of conflict of interpretation of the provisions of governor‟s
consent as well as controversial decisions by the courts. This is
because, the Supreme Court
has recently gone back to its earlier decision in Ajilo and held that
any alienation without the consent Government of the Governor or Local Government as the case may be is null and void Thus, in Nigeria Industrial Development Bank Ltd v. Olalomi Industrial Ltd . There
was a mortgaged transaction without Governor‟s consent and the mortgagor
wanted to invalidate the transaction on ground of lack of governor‟s
consent. The court in refusing the mortgagor‟s application held inter
alia that “… It is my view that it will be in the interest of justice to
do so rather than allow the mortgagor to eat his cake and still have it
back, the court shall resist at all cost the attempt at using it as an
engine of fraud or cheating or dishonesty‟‟.
Again, in Alh. Ayotunde Seriki v. Sefi’u Olukorede . It was held that
one cannot have a right of action when he or she comes to a court of
justice in an unclean manner. It goes to say that equity will not allow a
person to benefit or profit from his own crime, fraud, immorality or
illegality as in the case of failure to obtain the Governor‟s consent to
alienate his or her right .
However, the decision in Awojugbagbe Light Industry v. Chinukwe represents a
means to moderate the excesses of the wisdom in Ajilo. One of the main
issues in that case was whether the land use Act forbids some forms of
agreement to alienate. The Supreme Court held that the holder of a
statutory right of occupancy is certainly not prohibited by S. 22(1) of
the Land Use Act 1978 with a written agreement in form of negotiation
which may end with a written agreement for presentation to the
government for his consent or approval. This is because, the Act does
not prohibit a written agreement evidencing an intention to transfer or
alienate land. Thus, to hold that a contravention or non-compliance of
S. 22 of the Act occurs at a time when the holder of Statutory Right
executes or seals a deed of mortgage is tantamount to defeating the
spirit and intendment of S. 22 of the Act.
Another decision that creates controversy is Okuneye v. F.B.N. Plc where
the bone of contention was whether governor‟s consent is necessary for
equitable mortgage. The court held that a mere deposit of title deeds
of property to secure a loan is not an alienation of the holder‟s
statutory right of occupancy by the definition under S. 22 of the Act,
and therefore, governor‟s consent is not required. This decision appears
to have been reached per incurriam as no reference was made to S. 51 of
the Act where mortgage is comprehensively defined to include a second
and subsequent mortgage and equitable mortgage as well. So the Act
unequivocally stipulates that any alienation made without governor‟s
consent is null and void notwithstanding the fact that the alienation is
by assignment, mortgage, transfer of possession, sublease or otherwise.
Finally, in Chief Belonwo Ugochukwu v. Cooperative and Commerce Bank
Nigeria Ltd . The Supreme Court frowned at conducts similar to that in
Ajilo‟s case where it held that a mortgagor who was to seek and obtain
consent shall not be allowed to turn round and assert that the mortgaged
deed was null and void for lack of governor‟s consent and that he shall
not be allowed to benefit from his own wrong.
Surprisingly, in recent case of Union Bank of (Nig.) Plc & Anor v.
Ayodire & Sons (Nig) Ltd , the Supreme Court went back to its
earlier decision in Ajilo and held that a mortgagor can still turn round
to benefit from his wrongful conduct. This unfortunate development put
the Court of Appeal in a dilemma as to which of the Supreme Court‟s
decision to apply in the case of Pharmatic Industrial Project Ltd v.
Trade Bank (Nig) Plc 84 others that came before the Court of Appeal
barely two years after the Supreme Court‟s decision in Union Bank v.
Ayodire
Another problem of this research is that of non-compliance. This is because the
cumbersome nature of consent requirement makes many people to alienate
land without governor‟s consent. Thus, the aims and objectives of the
Land Use Act (which vests all lands on the governor and gives him power
to give consent for any alienation) have been defeated.
The above, among other problems leads to the questions as to whether the
theory and practice of governor‟s consent has helped to realize the
objective of the Act and as to whether the land is available to those
who are willing, ready and able to use it. Hence, the research centres
on analysis of those problems and proffers some solutions to same.
1.5 Justification of the Research
This research is necessitated as a result of the problems of alienation of land in Nigeria.
Thus, it would be of great assistance to legal practitioners, most especially those
specialized in property and conveyancing law, law lecturers, judges and justices of
various courts of record, law students, banks and their customers who participate in
mortgage transactions and any other person who has interest in land transactions.
Consequently, people that engage in land transactions would be enlightened and finally comply with the requirement of the law.
1.6 Literature Review
The area of this research is statutory oriented and it came into effect
when the Land Use Act came into operation. Therefore, most of the
literatures about this area can only be traced from 1978 to date. One of
the authors that contributed much on this area is Omotolar J. A. . He
highlighted the necessity that facilitated the enactment of the Land Use
Act, the impact of Sections. 22 and 26 of the Act i.e. issues of
governor‟s consent and effect of non-compliance with the requirement of
consent. Yet he does not take necessary steps to stipulate the impact of
the interpretative misconceptions of the Act by the courts. This is
what this research sets out to achieve James, in his book critically
analyzed consent requirement. He discussed problems of sale or
assignment and mortgage transactions, particularly the hardships that
both the mortgagors and mortgagees face. However, he made little attempt
to discuss the emerging issues with consent requirement. This is a gap
that this research fills.
Taiwo, is another recent author that contributed hugely on the aspect of
alienation of land in Nigeria. He succeeded in analyzing issues of
Right of Occupancy, impact of Right of Occupancy and requirement for
governor‟s consent. He also made effort to highlight many recent cases
on the area. However, no attempt was made by the author to analyze the
inadequacies of the Act, more particularly Sections 22 and 26.
Yakubu M.G. viewed that any transfer of Right of Occupancy by
assignment, lease, sale, mortgage, sublease, bequest or otherwise made
without the consent of the governor first had and obtained is invalid.
However, this assertion was probably made prior to the Supreme Court
decision in the case of Okuneye v. F.B.N Plc. Hence, the author did not
talk about the problems of interpretation of the provisions dealing with
alienation of right of occupancy .
Again, Olong A.D.M maintained that consent requirement to alienation of land in
Nigeria has its philosophical basis in the concept of ownership. Hence,
its potentials are so great that in recent times it has become the focus
of government policy. He again opined that since alienation is one of
the incidents of ownerships, one can therefore alienate his interest in
land without consent of anybody. But with the advent of the Land Use
Act, title to land became vested in the Governor who serves as a trustee
to all Nigerians. However, the author did not take time to dwell on the
subject matter let alone hammer on the conflicting decisions of the
courts in trying to interpret Sections 21 and 22 of the Land Use Act
respectively.
Another good literature about this area is that of Taiwo L. who analyzes
some of the problems associated with the practical implications of
section 22 of the land use Act, however he made little or less
contribution about the current problems with the sections.
Madaki, Succeeded in highlighting some of the cumbersome nature of the
governor‟s consent. Yet, he did not take time to dwell on the emerging
issues related therein. That is issues of recent Supreme Court‟s
conflicting decision that creates problems to lower courts Aboki, makes
some criticisms about the requirement of governor‟s consent on
alienation of Right of Occupancy. However, he placed much emphasis on
the decision in Savannah Bank Ltd. v. Ajilo.
Taiwo, in his article took time to discuss problems with consent requirement for
alienation of right of occupancy and how the courts interpreted the
phrase „consent first had and obtained‟. However, he has not contributed
on the conflicts of interpretation of the consent requirement by our
courts. And this lacuna is what this research has set out to achieve.
Another literature on this research is that of Owolabi, who did an
expository analysis on alienation of land in Nigeria. However, he
emphases more on the general provisions of the Land Use Act and the
methods of alienation prior to the commencement of the Act.
Taiwo, E.A. in his article titled; „‟The Effects of Failure to Obtain
Consent to Alienate Rights under the Land Use Act and the Emerging
Equities‟‟ brought out and analyzed the hardships suffered by the
mortgagees. But he has not emphasized on conflicting decisions of the
court which we submit are the causes of any hardships that people might
suffer in land transactions.
Olawoye, discussed the right of a holder to alienate his right of
occupancy and opined that such right is hinged on governor‟s consent.
Though, he explained right of occupancy, alienation and governor‟s
consent, he however did not discuss the major problems with consent. And
these problems and controversies are what this research aims at
achieving.
Omotola examined the provisions of sections 21 and 22 that deal with the
requirement of governor‟s consent on alienation of right of occupancy.
He recommended that governors should adopt the provisions in section 22
(2) in all cases dealing with transfer of interest arising before the
Act and permit the citizens to follow the old practice relating to their
transfer while giving prompt consent where required in an automatic
manner. He however did not discuss the conflict of interpretation of the
provision of section 22 generally.
Babaji, made enormous contributions about this area of research. He
highlighted the problems created by the entire Land Use Act, namely it
leads to underdevelopment of the economy, and the issue of the “Half
Hectare Rule” etc. Unfortunately, he made no attempt to analyze the
problems created by S. 22, more particularly the issue of conflicting
interpretation of the provisions of sections 21 and 22 of the Act.
The courts too have over the years demonstrated some level of judicial
activism on this area. Hence, there are various judicial pronouncements
on the concept of alienation of land in Nigeria, when to alienate, how
to (the requirement of governor‟s consent), etc.
Thus, in the locus classicus case of Savannah Bank Ltd. v. Ajilo the scope of the
provision of S. 22 of the land use Act (which is one of the most central
issues of this research) came up for determination. In that case, Chief
F. R. A. Williams (SAN) contended that the provisions of S. 22 of the
Act implies that, any alienation made without governor‟s consent was
unlawful and consequently any transaction conducted therein was illegal
going by the provision of S. 26 of the same Act. The court held that the
alienation was unlawfully made and the mortgage transaction was
illegal, notwithstanding the fault of the grantor (Ajilo) to secure
governor‟s consent.
However, in Oil Feld Supply Centre Ltd. V. Joseph Lloyd Johnson. The same
supreme court held that certain equities will not permit the company to
benefit from their own illegality”. This goes with the equitable maxim
that says “he who comes to equity must come with clean hands”
Again, in Okunneye v. F. B. N. Plc the court held that governor‟s consent is not
required while creating an equitable mortgage. This decision also
contradicts the provision of section 51 of the Land Use Act which
defines mortgage to include
equitable mortgage.
Recently, the Supreme Court in Union Bank of (Nig.) Plc & Anor v.
Ayodire & Sons (Nig) Ltd went back to its previous decision in
Ajilo, notwithstanding the distinction of the facts of the two cases and
the effects of the decision on mortgagees who suffer for the wrongs
they have not committed.
Therefore, the above cases even though they highlighted the significant
contributions of the courts in the area of this research, yet, they
ended up in confusing the practical application of governor‟s consent.
For, some of the cases were decided in the opposite by one court.
As such, the advertised motive of curbing land speculation and removal of the
bottlenecks in land acquisition and tenure has been watered down by the event of
difficulties brought about by the consent provision of Land Use Act.
Thus, the writer embarks on this research to identify the causes and
effects of these difficulties and itemize some recommendations that will
help in solving the problems associated with alienation of land in
Nigeria.
1.7 Methodology
The methodology adopted in this research is doctrinal i.e. library oriented research that comprises:
a. Primary authorities which includes Act of the National Assembly, Laws of the states and case laws.
b. Secondary authorities, which comprises relevant information from leading
authorities, textbooks on the subject matter of the research, journal articles,
opinions of specialists and practitioners on aspect of law relating thereto.
1.8 Organizational Layout
Chapter one of this research deals with the General Introduction of the
subject matter. It also highlights the Objectives of the research, Scope
of the research, Statement of the Problem of the research,
Justification of the research and Organizational Layout.
Chapter two is Analysis of the Nature and Scope of Right of Occupancy.
It starts with an Introduction, Types of Right of Occupancy, Acquisition
of Rights of Occupancy, Contents of Right of Occupancy, Duties and
obligations of a Holder of a Certificate of Occupancy, Rights of a
Holder of a Certificate of Occupancy Nature of Interest Created by Right
of Occupancy, How to Obtain a Certificate of Occupancy and Effects of
Grant of Right of Occupancy by Government, Tenure of Right of Occupancy.
Chapter three is titled Alienation of Right of Occupancy. It starts with
an Introduction, Meaning of Alienation, Nature and Scope of Alienation,
Types of Alienation, Consequences of Alienation Without consent and
Legal Restriction on Alienation of Land.
Chapter four deals with An Analysis of The Requirement of Governor‟s
Consent for Alienation under the Land Use Act, It starts with
Introduction, Brief History of Consent Requirement, One Who Seeks for
Governor‟s Consent, Philosophical Basis for Governor‟s Consent, Emerging
Issues of Governor‟s Consent Since Savannah v. Ajilo and Problems with
Securing.
Chapter five is a Summary and Conclusion which comprises, Summary, Findings,
Recommendations, and Conclusion.
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