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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
There are
various International Organizations
and Non-Governmental
Organizations
working on gender issues in various parts of the world today and doing many
things relating
to gender issues. Various Organizations are been created to balance the gender
differences in
the world today.
Even as an
International Organization or
Non-Governmental, they have
various goals, aims and objectives and coupled with this is the fact that they
are faced with
different challenges in
carrying out their
duties. For instance,
United Nations sponsored
intergovernmental conference on women opened with much fanfare and optimum in
Mexico
City, such as
women discrimination, disclaiming
of women‘s rights
etc. Promoting gender
equality has become a globally recognized and an acceptable reality. Gender
issues have also
been identified as an issue indispensable for the achievement of national
development goals.
According to the Longman Dictionary of
Contemporary English, ‗Gender is defined
as the
fact of being
male or female,
males or females
, considered as
a group :differences
between the genders‘.
According to the
English Dictionary, it
defined gender as the
biological sexes of
an individual usually
male or female,
the mental analogue
of sex .i.e.
one‘s male (masculinity)
or femaleness (femininity)‘. According
to Bridget Osakwe
of
WANEP she ‗defines
Gender as a
social and cultural
construct differentiating women
and
men and
defining the ways
in which women
and men interact
with each other‘.
It is
undermined by the composite of shared expectations and norms within a society
concerning
appropriate female and
male behaviors, characteristics, and
roles. Gender and
gender roles
are culturally specific,
learned, and changeable
over time, and
influenced by different
3
variables
such as race,
age, class, and
ethnicity. A literature
text on women
and peace
building confirms that the concept of gender refers to social relationships
produced by social,
cultural, economic, and historical processes and the various roles played by
men and women.
In
fact, the attainment
of gender equality
is not only
seen as an
end in itself
it is
equally an ingredient
to, and a
product for the
achievement of sustainable
development of
countries. Nigerian government
which has compounded
the problem of
expanding the
capacity level that
is required to
increase the enhancement
of the opportunity
of
accommodating the varying
needs of both
male and female,
gender also contends
that the
attainment of gender equality in Nigeria which is already time-barred, will be
a mirage due to
many constraining factors.
Globally, the growing
importance of gender
equality has been
recognized and accepted in various countries.
The normative framework
for human
development (UNDP: 2012)
is reflected in
the broad vision
espoused in the
Millennium
Development Goals, the internationally agreed set of time-bound targeted goals
for ensuring
gender equality and
advancing opportunities in
diverse sectors of
the global economy.
The
convention on the
elimination of all
forms of discrimination against
women (CEDAW)
adopted in 1979 by the UN General Assembly which was accepted by 180 states,
states the
rights and equality of women, their freedom from discrimination and equality
under the law.
Also, promoting gender equality which is a sine-qua-non to the actualization of
the protection
of fundamental human
rights is critical
to the whole
concern for human
development that
center on allowing people
to live a
life that they
value and enable
them to realize
their
potentials as human beings. Realizing the growing need for gender equality is
also germane
to the
survival and development
of children and
the building of
healthy communities,
societies as well as a nation.
The
gap between the
Millennium Development Goal
of promoting Gender
Equality
and its actualization in Nigeria, however, is the action dilemma by the
Nigerian government
4
that
is known for mis-governance, lack of political
will, the prevailing
patriarchal culture,
false public investment and the absence of adequate productive capacity that
will create the
opportunities for women empowerment and
development in the
country. These problems
explain the inevitability and imperative of an action-based approach that will
translate gender
equality programme into concrete reality.
Gender is a fundamental element of
conflict and of peace .Gender analysis has helped
in playing important
role in understanding
successful peace building
which helps to
illuminate and contributes to knowledge and skills in maintaining peace rather
than violence
or conflicts. Gender as a term which has
brought about different other terminologies such as
gender sensitivity, gender mainstreaming which is a strategic tool towards the achievement
of greater equality between men and women as endorsed in the Beijing Platform
for Action
from the United Nations(4th) World Conference on Women in1995. Gender
mainstreaming is,
…..the process
of assessing the
implications of women
and men of
any planned
action, including legislation, policies or programs, in all areas and
at all levels.
It is
strategy for making women‘s as well
as men‘s concerns and experiences an integral
dimension of
the design, implementation, monitoring
and evaluation of
policies and
programs in
all political, economic
and society spheres
so that men
and women
benefit equally
and inequality is
not perpetuated. The
ultimate goal is
to achieve
gender equality. [WANEP Nigeria
(2009) pg. 17].
Gender equality
has become one
of the central
themes in global
treaties, covenants
and declarations principally
due to the
understanding that it
is a catalyst
to clear-cut
development strategies which
is targeted at
poverty reduction, improved
living standards,
good governance and profitably productive investments that are critical to the
creation of an
enlarged capacity that provide men and women equal opportunity and unrestrained
access to
decision-making and policy implementation institutions and processes. The
various definition
5
of gender
equality arises from
various social sciences
literature including economics,
it
manifests as hierarchical gender
relations, with less valuable solely by virtue of their sex.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The
issue of gender inequality is a fast
growing trend in
all spheres of
the Nigeria
system both in the public sector as well as the private sector coupled with
family mentality on
issues relating gender
particularly women in
the society. The
Nigeria government despite
been signatory to various policies
still do not abide by these policies. The study on the topic
United Nations and the challenges of promoting gender equality will address the
challenges
of gender inequality between the two sexes ,the role of UN in propounding
solutions as well
balancing the various challenges and gender differences in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The specific objectives of the study are to:
i. Establish the
various advocacies of
promoting gender equality
by the Nigerian
government.
ii. Identify
and examine the activities of the UN in promoting gender equality in
Nigeria
iii. Discuss
the challenges of the UN in promoting gender equality in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Secondary source
of data will be utilized
in carrying out
this research work.
This sources
includes textbooks, proceedings, journals, reports, magazines, newspapers as
well as internet
materials and other
library or archival
materials. All data
shall be interpreted
and analyzed
qualitativelyusing the historical and descriptive method.
6
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of
the study is
to know the
various policies that
the UN as an
international organization has
put in place
which Nigeria has
benefited from coupled
with
various policies that the Federal Ministry of women affairs has adopted and propounded in
terms of balancing gender equality as well as to know the various gender issues
as they affect
women in the private and public sector of the country. Similarly the study
will encourage at a
great degree the
participation of women in
politics as well
as to make decisions that
will
stand and effect the changes required.
Furthermore, the
importance of the
study is to
look at the
gender differences in
Nigeria, the role
of international organizations
like the United
Nations in helping to
curb
some of the challenges and also rendering assistance in promoting gender
equality in Nigeria
thus increasing the
participation and recognition
of
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