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ABSTRACT
Levels of mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn) were studied in five major roads in Uyo metropolis. Result of total Hg ranged from 0.05mgkg-1 in Calabar-Itu Road to 0.675mgkg-1 in 4 Lanes. Total Cd varied from 0.60mgkg-1 to 1.90mgkg-1.While total Zn ranged from 3.750mgkg-1 to 6.170mgkg-1. Available Hg concentration was low (0.008mgkg-1 to 0.05mgkg-1) and value was within permissible limit. Available Cd ranged from 0.035mgkg-1 to 0.100mgkg-1 with a mean of 6.24mgkg-1. while available Zn (0.335mgkg-1 to 1.503mgkg-1) was highest in Cal-Itu Road. On the average, 4 Lane had the highest while Cal-Itu Road had the least concentrations of the studied elements. The wide variability of the elemental concentrations across the studied area is attributed to greater variability of input concentration from a variety of sources from where they are transported to respective locations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Title Page
Certification -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- i
Dedication -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ii
Acknowledgement -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- iii
Abstract -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- v
Table of Contents -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- vii
List of Table -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1
1.1 Objectives of the Study -- -- -- -- -- -- 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review of Related -- -- -- -- -- 4
2.1 Concept of Heavy Metal -- -- -- -- -- -- 4
2.2 Sources of Heavy Metals in the -- -- -- -- -- 5
2.2.1 Automobile Emission -- -- -- -- -- -- 5
2.2.2 Agriculture Activities -- -- -- -- -- -- 6
2.2.3 Industrial Activities -- -- -- -- -- -- 7
2.2.4 Solid Wastes as Sources of Heavy Metals -- -- 8
2.3 Heavy Metal Toxicology -- -- -- -- -- 10
2.4 Heavy Metals in Soil and Gutter -- -- -- -- 11
2.5 Heavy Metals -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 12
2.5.1 Zinc -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 15
2.5.2 Cadmium -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 17
2.5.3 Mercury -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- 18
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Method -- -- -- -- -- -- 21
3.1 The Study Area -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 21
3.2 Climate -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 21
3.3 Soil and Geology -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 22
3.4 Vegetation -- -- -- -- ---- -- -- -- 23
3.5 Field Studies -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 23
3.6 Laboratory Analysis -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 24
3.7 Statistical Analysis -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 27
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results and Discussion -- -- -- -- -- -- 28
4.1 Some Physical Properties of Gutter Sediment in Uyo
Metropolis -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 28
4.2 Chemical Properties of Sediment from Different Location 29
4.3 Total and Available Hg, ed & Zn in Five Selected Locations 34
4.4 Relationship of Some Soil Properties -- -- -- -- 37
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations -- -- 39
5.1 Summary -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 39
5.2 Conclusion and -- -- -- -- ---- -- -- -- 40
5.3 Recommendations -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 40
References -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 41
Appendix -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 49
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Some Physical Properties of Gutter Sediments from
Different Location -- -- -- -- -- -- 29
Table 2 Chemical Properties of Sediment from
Different Location -- -- -- -- -- -- 32
Table 3 Means of Total and Available HG, Cd and Zn across
the five location -- -- - -- -- -- 36
Table 4 Correlation Matrix of Soil Properties -- -- -- 39
Table 5 Anova Table for Total and Available Hg, Cd and Zn 49-50
ABBREVIATION
EC - Electrical Conductivity
OC - Organic Carbon
TN - Total Nitrogen
P - Phosphorus
Ca - Exchangeable Calcium
Mg - Exchangeable Magnesium
K - Exchangeable Potassium
Na - Exchangeable Sodium
EA - Exchangeable Acidity
ECEC - Effective Cation Exchange Capacity
P. B.S - Percentage Base Saturation
Min - Minimum
Max - Maximum
SD(±) - Standard Deviation
CV - Coefficient of Variation
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Gutter sediment within urban roads represents a collection of multiplied contributing source of pollution including automobile emission, urban infrastructure, degradation and erosion, and other particulate non-point sources from short and long-range atmospheric deposition (Vermelte et al, 1987, 1991: Sutherland 2003). Harmful substances emitted by exhaust and wear from vehicles are deposited and accumulated daily on road gutters and surrounding soils together with primary and secondary particles from other anthropogenic (demolitions/ construction industrial activities etc) and natural sources (short and long range transport of suspended sediments). These dispositions on roads are commonly referred to as road/gutter deposited sediments (RDS/GDS) San-Miguel et al. ( 2002).
The natural fraction of gutter deposited sediments consist of materials, plant materials and atmospheric depositions (Rogge et al, 1993). The anthropogenic fraction contains high concentrations of heavy metals originating from brake linings, the combustion of fuels and the wear and tear of pavement’s as well as tires and vehicle body (Davis et al., 2001; San-Miguel et al., 2002) and also industrial activities, municipal solid waste incineration and metals smelting.
Interest in heavy metal pollution in gutter deposited sediments (GDS) has been
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