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CHAPTHER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Plants are important in our everyday existence. They provide our foods, produce the oxygen we breathe, and serve as raw materials for many industrial products such as clothes, foot wears and so many others. Plants also provide raw materials for our buildings and in the manufacture of biofuels, dyes, perfumes, pesticides, adsorbents and drugs. The plant kingdom has proven to be the most useful in the treatment of diseases and they provide an important source of all the world’s pharmaceuticals. The most important of these bioactive constituents of plants are steroids, terpenoids, carotenoids, flavanoids, alkaloids, tannins and glycosides. Plants in all facet of life have served a valuable starting material for drug development (Ajibesin, 2011). Antibiotics or antimicrobial substances like saponins, glycosides, flavonoids and alkaloids etc are found to be distributed in plants, yet these compounds were not well established due to the lack of knowledge and techniques. The phytoconstituents which are phenols, anthraquinones, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids and saponins are antibiotic principles of plants. Plants are now occupying important position in allopathic medicine, herbal medicine, homoeopathy and aromatherapy. Medicinal plants are the sources of many important drugs of the modern world. Many of these indigenous medicinal plants are used as spices and food plants; they are also sometimes added to foods meant for pregnant mothers for medicinal purposes ( Akinpela and Onakoya, 2006). Many plants are cheaper and more accessible to most people especially in the developing countries than orthodox medicine, and there is lower incidence of adverse effects after use. These reasons might account for
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their worldwide attention and use. The medicinal properties of some plants have been documented by some researchers ( Akinpelu and Onukoya, 2006). Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. It was the advent of antibiotics in the 1950s that led to the decline of the use of plant derivatives as antimicrobials (Marjorie, 1999). Medicinal plants contain physiologically active components which over the years have been exploited in the traditional medical practices for the treatment of various ailments (Ajibesin, 2011). A relatively small percentage of less than 10% of all the plants on earth is believed to serve as sources of medicine (Marjorie, 1999).
In an effort to find alternative sources of feedstuffs to replace some or all of the maize in the diet of pigs and other non-ruminant farm animals, several studies have been conducted to determine the suitability of some agro-industrial wastes as feed ingredients. These include cocoa pod husks, brewers spent grains, rice bran, maize bran, groundnut skins, and wheat bran. However, one by-product that requires consideration is cashew nut testa, a by-product obtained from the processing of cashew nuts. Its utilization as animal feed even at relatively low dosage formulations will minimize its disposal problem as well as reduce the cost of animal feeding.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
It is now known that agricultural materials are used as animal feeds and that they contain phytochemicals. These phytochemicals serve as antibiotic principles of plants.
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The need for a cheap, renewable, easily available and nutritive source of material as feed supplements has therefore attracted me to investigate African pear leaf, (APL) as an alternative.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
Broadly stated, the purpose of this work is to investigate/assess the nutritive and medicinal values of African pear leaf as an effective replacement in animal diets. Specifically, this work investigated:
(i) the proximate constituents of African pear leaf; and
(ii) the qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals of African pear leaf.
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SIMILAR CROP SCIENCE FINAL YEAR PROJECT RESEARCH TOPICS
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1. UTILIZATION OF WILD TOMATO RELATIVE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED TOMATO LINES FOR HIGH HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
» ABSTRACT An effort to obtain a tomato cultivar that would adapt to high temperature and high humidity condition in the southern part of Nigeria in ord...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 102 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CROP SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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2. QUALITY AND GENETIC EVALUATION OF SOME GENOTYPES OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) USING DIALLEL METHOD.
» ABSTRACT The patterns of gene effects on agronomic and some quality traits of eight genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and their progenies were studi...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 202 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CROP SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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3. EFFECT OF PLANTING DATES ON PEST INFESTATION OF COWPEA [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp] IN HIGH HUMID ECOLOGY OF SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA.
» ABSTRACT The study was carried out during the second season planting of 2014 at University of Uyo Teaching and Research Farm, Use Offot, to evaluate t...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CROP SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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4. EFFECT OF COMPOSTED MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND NPK FERTILIZER ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea mays L) IN NSUKKA
» ABSTRACT Municipalities are facing a growing problem of how to safely dispose off their wastes. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is waste from households, ...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CROP SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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5. STUDIES ON THE GENETIC PATHWAY AND SELECTION RESPONSE FOR INCREASED FRUIT SIZE AND YIELD IN TOMATO (SOLANUM SPECIES) USING A MODIFIED THREE - WAY CROS...
» ABSTRACT Modified three way crosses involving advanced interspecific tomato hybrids (F12) and commercially cultivated tomato varieties namely Superste...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 152 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CROP SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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6. PARTIAL NUTRIENT BALANCE IN CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) AND SOYBEAN (Glycine max (L) Merril) INTERCROP FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN A DERIVE...
» ABSTRACT Three field experiments to investigate the partial nutrient balance (N and K) in cassava/soybean intercrop system were conducted at Universit...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 189 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CROP SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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7. EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLIC ACID (GA3) ON FOUR CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) GENOTYPES IN UYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF AKWA IBOM STATE
» ABSTRACT The experiment was conducted in the 2015 cropping season at the University of Uyo teaching and research farm, Use Offot in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ib...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CROP SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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8. STUDIES ON FERTILIZER NITROGEN AND CUTTING MANAGEMENT OF SOWN GRASS AND LEGUME PASTURES IN PURE AND MIXED SWARDS.
» ABSTRACT Three field experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universit...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 152 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | CROP SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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9. STUDIES ON THE LEAF SPOT DISEASE OF EGGPLANT (Solanum aethiopicum L.) AND ITS MANAGEMENT WITH SOME BOTANICALS
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10. PRODUCTION, PROPERTIES AND SHELF - LIFE OF INTERMEDIATE MOISTURE SNAIL MEAT
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