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ABSTRACT
RiceisoneofthemainstaplefoodcropsanditsdemandisrapidlyincreasinginWestAfrica,hencethereisneedtoincreaseitsproductionatlowerproductioncoststhroughadequateNmanagementwithappropriatevarieties.Nitrogen(N)managementisoneofthekeyinputsinriceproduction,especiallyinthesavannasoilswhichisusuallyassociatedwithwidespreadNdeficiency.ThefocusofthisresearchwastoevaluatetheperformanceofriceunderdifferentNfertilizermanagementoptions.Fieldexperimentswereconductedin2012and2013attheresearchfarmoftheInstituteforAgriculturalResearch,TalataMafara(irrigated)andKadawa(rain-fed).ThetreatmentcombinationsincludedtwogranularformsofNasUreaSuperGranule(USG)andGranularUrea(GU)atdifferentrates[0,45.1,72.2,117.3kgN/haandaratebasedonleafcolourchart(LCC)]withthreevarietiesofrice(FARO55,FARO57andFARO52)asthetestcrops.TheexperimentaldesignwasRandomizedCompleteBlockDesign(RCBD)andreplicatedthrice.ThesecondphaseofthestudyinvolvedtheuseofQuantitativeEvaluationoftheFertilityofTropicalSoils(QUEFTS)modeltosimulatericeperformanceasadecisionsupporttoolforsite-specificfertilizerrecommendationinthestudyareas.CropgrowthattributesgenerallyincreasedwithincreasedNapplicationforbothUSGandGU,butwithdelayindaystoheading.ApplicationofUSGat117.3kgN/hasignificantly(p<0.01)increasedyieldandyieldattributes,exceptforgrain-,phosphorus-andpotassium-harvestindiceswhereapplicationofGUbasedonLCCgavethehighestvalues.InteractionbetweenNmanagementandvarietiesindicatedthatapplicationofUSGat117.3kgN/haonFARO52resultedinsignificantriceyieldincrease.Paddyyieldwashighlyandpositivelycorrelatedwithtotalbiomass(r=0.883**),strawyield(0.733**),drymatter(0.351**),plantheight(0.158**)andNuptake(0.701**);butweakandnon-significantnegativerelationshipexistedbetweensoilpH(-0.021)and
availableP(-0.055).Theindigenoussoilnutrientssupplies(INS,IPSandIKS)were25.26–94.50kgNha-1,5.78–28.84kgPha-1and47.48–156.30kgKha-1withfertilizerrecoveryfractionsof0.25–0.61,0.09–0.48and0.27–0.69forN,PandKrespectivelyatbothlocations.TherecommendedfertilizerdosagemodeledbyQUEFTSwere104–140kgNha-1,69–94kgPha-1and23–46kgKha-1fordryseason(TalataMafara)and92–130kgNha-1,34–56kgPha-1and10–19kgKha-1forwetseason(Kadawa).Itwashigherthantheconventional„blanketfertilizer‟raterecommendedovertheyears.ThemodelalsorecommendshigherNwithlowerKforFARO55,butlowerKforFARO57andFARO52;therebyadvocatingforsitespecificnutrientmanagement(SSNM)throughtheuseofdifferentfertilizercombinationsfordifferentsoilconditions.FieldvalidationoftheQUEFTSmodelshowedagoodagreementbetweenobservedandsimulatedyields(R2=0.85,RSME=0.93,RSMEn=<30%andd-stat=0.71),thusconfirmingbetterperformanceofQUEFTSinthericeecosystemunderdifferentnitrogenregimes. PartialeconomicanalysisofriceproductionatbothlocationsrevealedthatapplicationofUSGat117.3kgN/hawithFARO52gavethehighestgrossmarginof₦237,907.22k/haandaprofitof₦2.81kpernairainvested.ResultsobtainedfromthisstudyrevealedthatFARO52usingUSGhadbetterpaddyyieldsandhighestNUE.Furtherstudiesarealsorequiredtoestablishtheappropriateuseofleafcolourchartinthestudyareas.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BackgroundtotheStudy
Rice(OryzasativaL.)isthemainfoodcropofanestimated40%oftheworld‟s
population(Liu,2013;FAO,2008).TheWorld‟smorethanthreebillionpeople
dependonriceastheirstaplefoodandthedemandforriceisrapidlyincreasingin
WestAfrica(FAO,2003).Manypeopleinthemajorriceconsumingcountriesare
livingatsub‐optimalnutritionallevels,thereisneedtoincreasericeproductionby
asmuchas70%inordertoraisenutritionallevelstosatisfycurrentdietaryneeds
(Greenland,1997).Annually,about5millionmetrictonsofriceisconsumedin
Nigeriaandover80%isimportedcostingthecountryahumongousamountof
money(Onuetal.,2015).Localproductionislowandeffortstoincreaseproduction
arehinderedbyhighinputcosts,lowpricesforriceespeciallyunderrain-fed
conditions.
Fertilizernitrogen(N)hasbecomeoneofthekeyinputsinfoodproductionand
despitenumerousresearchinvestigations;ourunderstandingofNmanagementfor
ricegrownunderdiverseagro-ecologicalsituationsisstillinadequate.Cereals
includingrice,wheatandmaize,accountsformorethanhalfofthetotalfertilizerN
usedintheworld.Researchhasalsoshownthatabout50–70%morecerealgrain
willberequiredby2050tofeedover9billionworldpopulation(Yadvinde-Singhet
al.,2011)andthiswillfurtherincreasedemandforfertilizerNatgreatermagnitude
1
unless fertilizer recovery efficiency in cereals is improved.In addition, rice
productionintheNigeriansavannashowedthatthesoilsaregenerallylowin
organiccarbonwithwidespreaddeficiencyinnitrogen(Olaleyeetal.,2008).
1.2StatementofResearchProblem
Traditionally,farmersapplyfertilizerNinseveralsplitapplications,butthenumber
ofsplits,amountofNappliedpersplit,andthetimeofapplicationsvary
substantially.ThenatureandmagnitudeofNlosslargelydependsonthesources
andmethodsofNfertilizerapplication.Theconventionalgranularurea(GU)isa
fastreleasingnitrogenfertilizerwhichisusuallybroadcastedinsplitsthatcould
cause considerable loss through ammonia volatilization, immobilization, de-
nitrificationandsurfacerunoff.FertilizerNlossasammoniavolatilizationfromthe
floodedricefieldcouldbeashighas40–60%(Jenaetal.,2003).Anothermajor
constrainttoriceproductionindrylandsavannaislackofadoptionofappropriate
improvedvarietieswherethecommonlygrownvarietiesarelate-maturingand
usuallysusceptibletopestsanddiseases.
1.3 Justificationofthestudy
Thedeepplacementofslowreleasingnitrogenousfertilizersuchasureasuper
granule(USG)reducestheNlossaswellasincreasesNuseefficiencyinwetland
rice(Crasswelletal.,1985).Therefore,tominimizethelossesofnitrogen,slow
releaseofnitrogenous fertilizer such as ureasupergranules(USG)has been
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