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ABSTRACT
There is dearth of information on output level of building operatives in Nigeria,
consequently, the output constants currently used for preparation of construction estimates
are remnants of British colonial heritage or derived from untested experiences. Therefore
this study aims at empirically determining output constants for floor finishes (screeds and
tiles) for building project in Abuja. The objectives are to identify the productivity factors
related to Building Engineering Standard Method of Measurement 3 (BESMM3) and
evaluation of their impact on the outputs of five work items of floor finishes. The
procedure adopted field survey involving work measurement to observe and measure
operatives output. Data was collected from 80 on-going construction sites with an average
of 50 gangs of workers for each work item to establish the following average outputs per
day; 25mm thick cement and sand screed (23.70), 44mm thick cement and sand screed
(19.31), 400 X 400mm ceramic floor tile (27.38), 300 X 600mm ceramic floor tile (30.18)
and 300 X 300mm ceramic floor tile (23.61). The study also revealed a significant
difference on mode of employment and period of observation on the outputs of the
workers. The results suggest that experience and negotiation as mode of employment affect
output of workers to varying degrees based on the thickness of floor screed and unit area of
floor tile. The study has recommended that the established output should serve as an
effective baseline for efficient estimating process and be in compliance with the BESMM
requirements.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The source of labour output used for estimation of construction cost has been a point of
discourse and contention. This is because this involves the quantitative estimation of the
labour rates while market survey research for materials prices are the basis for the material
cost estimation (Ashworth, 2002). The high degree of inaccuracy found in BOQ estimates
is mostly attributed to the uncertainty of the accuracy of the labour constants used in
pricing labour costs. Ajia (2002) concluded that while most of the outputs used by
estimators are the British originated constants, some contractors adopt outputs gotten from
their experience and hence non-uniform outputs are widely in use.
The common method of generating cost estimates for construction projects involves the
multiplication of unit rate by the measured quantities in the bill of quantities (Ashworth,
2002). The unit rate is a component of labour rate (obtain from the multiplication of labour
constant by all-in rate) plus cost of material and percentage allowance for profit and
overhead, while the measured quantities are obtained from drawings and specifications for
the works rules specified by Building and Engineering Standard Methods of Measurement
(BESMM). The inconsistency in application of a defined output constant for construction
estimates has posed a serious challenge to the accuracy of estimates computed by quantity
surveyors.
Labour being one of the important components of the construction industry productivity
represents a considerable proportion of the final cost usually accounting for between 40 to
60% of building cost (Abdullahi et al., 2010 and Butchan et al., 1993). The assessment of
1
labour rate used for preparation of unit rate for Bill of Quantities requires high level of
reliability and accuracy. Essentially, the preparation of Bill of Quantities requires collating
cost information on materials, assessing labour and plant outputs and evaluating project
overheads. It is important, that cost estimates have clear indications of the level of
information reliability and not subsequent explanation of inaccuracy (Morledge, 2006).
According to Abdulrazaq et al. (2010) the output constants currently used for preparation
of construction estimates are remnants of British colonial heritage or derived from
experience of the estimators. Olomolaiye and Ogunlana (1989) reported that firms based
their outputs for estimating and planning purposes on experience which at best are
educated guesses. Without adequate knowledge of operatives output, it is impossible to
draw a reliable construction programmes or make accurate cost estimates for tendering
purposes. According to Talhouni (1990), the British Research Establishment (BRE) studies
only reported the overall labour variability for house building, but no attempt was made to
quantify or explain the performance variability with regard to possible causes or factors
that will affect the output of labour on the site and therefore the database used in the
previous studies are questionable and are primarily based on activities sampling or data
reported by tradesmen.
However, Yates and Swagata (1993) argued that the productivity of workers is being
influenced by factors which vary according to geographical locations. Therefore, if these
factors vary acutely with location then how feasible, realistic and accurate are the currently
adopted British originated outputs within the Nigerian context? Hence, this research work
intends to employ work study approach to empirically establish labour outputs of some
selected trades with the view of improving the accuracy of construction cost estimates.
2
1.2
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