CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The usefulness of a good health care delivery system to any population is an obvious fact that cannot be over emphasized. A healthy individual is a valuable asset not only to himself, to his family, but also to his society.

The World Health Organization (WHO) (1948) defined health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

In 1986, the WHO in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion said health is "a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities." Overall health is achieved through a combination of physical, mental, emotional, and social well-being.

To achieve an overall health, we need health care delivery systems (HCDS) that can provide high quality medical care, that are responsive to the health needs and expectations of the populations they are intended to serve, and at affordable costs.

On the other hand, the efforts geared toward achieving overall health, that is, health care delivery is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, pharmaceutical, dental, clinical laboratory sciences and allied health professions (Wikipedia, 2009).

According to WHO, health care delivery embraces all the goods and services designed to promote health, including “preventive, curative and palliative interventions, whether directed to individuals or to populations”. The organized provision of such services constitutes a health care delivery system. When fake drugs are used in health care delivery the main purpose of health care delivery system, which is an overall health will not be achieved.

The relationship between fake drug use in healthcare delivery system and how people perceive health care delivery system will better be appreciated by looking at the levels of health care delivery systems.

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All health care systems contain four essential levels of care (Lunde, 1990):

1.  Lay self-care

2.  Primary professional care.

3.  General specialist care, that is, secondary care.

4.  Super specialist care, that is, tertiary care.

And there is a fifth level of care – quaternary care.

The WHO defines self – care as “activities individuals, families, and communities undertake with the intention of enhancing health, preventing disease, limiting illness, and restoring health. These activities are derived from knowledge and skills from the pool of both professional and lay experience. They are undertaken by lay people on their own behalf, either separately or in participative collaboration with professionals.” The skills and knowledge of self – care will be manifested in an individual’s ability to take appropriate action(s) to achieve overall health. Such actions include the ability to know when to seek for professional care, gather information on what type of care to seek for and where to get desired medical service.

Reports of the media (print and electronic), and lay information on incidences and effects of fake drugs can influence an individual’s decision on how to access health care. Therefore, it becomes necessary to determine the relationship between fake drug use in HCDS and how such use affects people’s perception of HCDS.

Primary health care (PHC) as defined in Alma – Ata Declaration (1978), is essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-determination.

Primary health care is promotive, preventive, and rehabilitative. Health services based on PHC include at least immunization against the major infectious diseases: measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, polio, tetanus, and tuberculosis and other components of National Health Policy.

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When fake vaccines were used and no immunity conferred on the immunized, such individuals would be highly disposed to developing the specific disease.

The term secondary health care is a service provided by medical specialists who generally do not have first contact with patients, for example, cardiologists, urologists and dermatologists. A physician might voluntarily limit his or her practice to secondary care by refusing patients who have not seen a primary care provider first, or a physician may be required, usually by various payment agreements, to limit the practice this way (Wikipedia, 2009).

Tertiary health care is a specialized consultative care, usually on referral from primary or secondary health care personnel, by specialists working in a centre that has personnel and facilities for special investigation or diagnosis and treatment ( Wikipedia, 2008).

Quaternary health Care –Quaternary health care is the advanced level of medicines which are highly specialized and not widely used (Intota, 2009). It is the provision of health care to patients in cardiac care, orthopedic, neurosciences, oncology, renal care, and so forth.

Given the present situation in Nigeria, the environment is intensely stressful and virtually everyone's health is dangerously threatened in one way or another. In periods like this, our health care delivery system should provide relief to Nigerians, so many of whom are daily on edge (Adelusi-Adeluyi, 1995). Unfortunately, this painful situati