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Abstract
This study or research on women empowerment in Nigerian politics is divided into five (5) chapters. The first chapter is on the topic that deals with the introductory part of the study by providing a comprehensive historical background to the study, identifying the major problems, grapples with the review of relevant literatures and the methodological issues involved in the research process. Chapter two (2) highlights the relationship between politics and women participation in Nigeria, taking into cognizance the periods of pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial. Chapter three (3) focuses on how culture is hindrance to women participation in Nigeria, other factors affect the participation of women in politics. Chapter four (4), how high educational attainment enhances women participation in Nigerian politics. Finally, my chapter five (5) is based on my summary, conclusion, and recommendation. Then this study tends to establish gap between the existing literatures in terms of whether there is any relationship between politics and women participation in politics, as well as how culture hinders women participation in politics, and the enhancement of women participation in politics by high educational attainment.
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Politics is very important in every human society. According to Pennock
et al (1967) “Politics refers to the forces that constitute and shape
the government of the state and it’s politics and actions” According to
(Goodnow, 1904: 1959). Politics involves the activities of the officials
institutions of state. This can be ascertained that the stability,
cohesion and level of socio-economic development that any society enjoys
are reflective of its political leadership. It ensures that human,
natural and economic resources are controlled by few people who are
interested in the art of management, on behalf of the generality of the
people. These are of course positions of responsibility that confer on
the holders, certain rights, authorities and privileges of the
politicians. In order to take care of all human interests, the two
genders are supposed to be fully engaged in politics. However, the
reverse is largely dominated by the male gender, often to the detriment
of the female (Afolabi, 2008). The result is a “malevolent”
militarization of politics in Nigeria.
Participation in politics refers to different ways in which people
exercise their rights over the political process. It is seen as a means
to an end, where the end may be referred to as political leadership
Milbrath (1955) sees it as ranging from voting to taking part in
decision process, attendance, at political meetings, funding and holding
public and party offices participation according to him involves
discussion, debates, and lobbying (both formally and informally).
The concept of participation lies in the culture of democracy. The first
principle of democracy adopted by the council of the
inter-parliamentary union Cairo, 16th September 1997, is stated as being
“… a universally recognized idea as well as a goal, which is based on
common values shared by people through out the world community
irrespective of cultural, political, social and economic differences. It
is thus a basic right of citizenship to be exercised under conditions
of freedom, equality, transparency and responsibility, with due respect
for the plurality of views, and the interest of the policy.”
This concept gives room to every human being to have rights to share in
the making of decisions that affect their lives and that of their
community. This right was affirmed by the establishment of the
commission on the status of women (to promote women’s political and
economic rights) by the United Nation in 1946. The year 1952 saw the
adoption of the convention on political rights of women world; wide, and
in 1967, the convention for the elimination of all forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CE DAW) was endorsed. This convention is
upheld by all international, regional and national legal instruments
that concern children and women, such as the convention on the Right of
child (CRC) and the organization of African unity (ONU, New African
Union, AU). Charter on the Rights and welfare of the child. It also
includes the National policy on women (NPW) adopted by the federal
government of Nigeria. In July 2000. with the ratification of CEDAN in
1985, Nigeria undertook to work towards the elimination of
discrimination against women and goals in all fields, whether political,
economic, social or cultural. Since the adoption of this policy by the
government, very little improvement in the exercise of women’s rights
(especially in the area of politics) has been witnessed. The Beijing
conference of 1995 on women articulated. Some areas crucial to the
empowerment of women. These include poverty, education, healthcare,
violence against women, effects of conflicts on women, power-sharing and
decision-making mechanisms to promote the government of women,
management of natural resources and the environment and the girl child.
The Beijing platform for action made concrete plans to ensure women’s
equal access to and full participation in power structures as one of its
strategic objectives. It also affirms the needs to increase women
capacity to participation leadership and decision-making processes and
bodies. One of the key initiatives in this ongoing process was the
security council resolution of 1325, which urged member states to ensure
increased representation of all decision-making levels in national,
regional and international institution and mechanism for the prevention,
management, and resolution of conflict (UN, 2000AD/1325).
Taking the census of political activities both in the country and in the
world at large, the number of political practitioners is quite
insignificant as it is infinitesimal compared with men. In African, with
particular reference to Nigeria, no women have been elected as governor
of a state either during the civilian or military rule. Much they have
been commissioners in the state or ministers at the federal level not to
take of presidency, though some critics may be quick to mention, the
case of Dame V. Etieba of Anambra State, but the truth remains that she
was not elected. However, when the seat became vacant due to the
treacherous and kangaroo impeachment of the PDP led house of Assemble,
being the second in command she had to boss the show for the in term
which she did credibly well more than most of her male counterparts in
other states. No other event can adequately represents the inhibitions
and political road-blocks set for women than, in which even when Hon.
Patricia Etteh managed to emerge as the first female speaker of the
National House of representatives, these male chauvinists working round
the clock saw to her exist.
It is therefore, on this background that this work. “Women Empowerment and Politics in Nigeria” is born.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Women empowerment is revolutionary development in the political history
of Nigeria, Africa and the contemporary global society. Since Nigeria
independence women in Nigeria have been given unfair representation in
public affairs and with increased demonstration of their managerial
capabilities in all spheres of human endovear, there is therefore, the
need to give attention to the quest for wider participation of women in
public affairs especially in leadership responsibilities.
Politics as well as I know is a game of numbers, the history of Nigerian
politics is mostly with male domination, which have systematically
excluded women from equal participation in Nigeria political activities.
Women usually constitute a smaller of political partly membership
because of the social, cultural and religious attitudes of different
Nigerian societies which most often lend to relegate women to the
background. As a result, only very few men, even among the educated,
allow their wives to come out and participate in politics. In Northern
Nigeria, for instance, an important factor inhabiting women’s
participation is the purdah system (i.e. house seclusion of women).
The essence of this research work is to investigate the various causes
of marginalization of women in Nigeria politics, were the call for women
empowerment.
To achieve this target, we therefore, pose the following research questions:
1. Is there any relationship between politics and women participation?
2. Does culture constitute a hindrance to women’s participation in politics in Udi Local Government?
3. Can high educational attainment enhance women participation in politics and lack of finance?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The broad objective of this study is to investigate women’s
participation and factors that affect their participation in Nigeria.
The specific objective are therefore, as follows:
1. To examine the relationship between politics and women’s participation in politics.
2. To determine how culture hinders women’s participation in Udi Local Government Area.
3. To find out how high educational attainment enhances women’s participation in politics.
1.4 Significance of the Study
Every research endeavor is prompted by a societal need to address a
pressing problem. This study therefore is no exception, it has both
academic and political importance.
The study will fill the existing gap in knowledge, it will also serve as
an academic contribution to the movement for the recognition and
realization of gender quality in the Nigeria matrix, particularly since
Nigeria is a nation constitutionally based on the principle of democracy
and justice.
The practical significance of this study include among other things that
its findings and recommendations will be useful to policy makers,
non-governmental organization, women organization and other stakeholders
in the quest for gender equality.
It will equally be of importance to students, scholars and researchers
in the field of political science and public administration that are
saddled with the task of organizing and managing the public issues and
affairs of the larger Nigerian society.
1.5 Literature Review
The need for empowerment arises from the inability of an individual or a
group of people to actualize their dreams and reach their greatest
potentials due to artificial barriers created by individual and other
groups within the same society. It is the manifestation of an
incontrovertible inequality, segregation or marginalization.
To Oxfam (1995) empowerment involves challenging oppression, which
compels millions of people to play a part in their society in terms
which deny them their human rights.
Batliwa (1995) in her definition of the term empowerment stated that
“empowerment is the process and result of the process whereby the
powerful members of the society gain greater access and control over
materials and knowledge, resources, challenges the ideologies of
discrimination and subordination and transform the institutions and
structures via which unequal access and control over resources is
sustained and perpetuated.
The above definition means that an individual or a group of people had
either lacked power nor authority by conditions of denial or default.
For Unicef (2003), illiteracy remains at the central of women
empowerment problem in Nigeria. Majority of the women folk and large
number of girls in this country are still grapping, with the problem of
basic reading and writing skills.
Moreover, women in Nigeria are discriminated against from access to
education for social and economics reasons. For instance, the Islamic
practice of purdah prevented many women from benefiting from school
instructions for participating in economic activities which are likely
to evaluate their positions. The most negative segregation is probably
the prevention of girls from going to school in some society. This has
probably led to the greatest social harm of the twentieth century.
The fundamental problem is the low importance which women themselves
attached to education many of them believe that the life of successful
women revolves around her children, her husband and domestic chores.
This lack of self ambition is problematic and prevent her from pursuing
other education goals.
Aliazuem and Emezue (1986) explained that the Nigerian women especially
those from eastern side of the country are known to have some kind of
social expectation from role set dating back to the period of unrecorded
history.
Ocheoha (1988) noted that one unanimous cry of women is that government
should take positive step to balance the number of men and women in
government bodies and committee as well as in public administrative
entitles including the armed forces and the judiciary. In with the
above, Ocheoha recommended hence gender in appointment into public
offices.
She also believed that this should equally be supervised government
should monitor and evaluate progress, in the representation of women
through dissemination of qualitative and quantitative including
empowerment process.
Ekeocha (1992) in his contribution opined that women represent in most
countries, the most restricted and marginalized group. They are under
represented in policy articulation and conception by the elites that
perceive them as only playing a biological functions or roles.
He advised that, time has come for more established structures which
will focus on more exhortation of concrete programme of empowerment. It
is the responsibility of these critical ministries to enlighten women,
to fashion out programmes for women education. Institute measures
against domestic violence abuse integrate women in the economy and
articulate a clear out role of women in empowerment process.
Omenuiyi (1992) remarked that though there is an increase in recent time
in the area of women empowerment and political participation especially
with the present waves of democratization that is sweeping through the
country. However, there is still mismatch between the right incidence of
female voter turn-out and the number of female presently, occupying
elective political offices.
Etzioni (1968) was impliedly taking of empowerment when he noted that
mobilization is a process by which latent energy from the view points of
the active units in made available for collective actions.
However, mobilization may be used to connote a process of re-orientation
to encouraging rather hitherto dormant potential units for a more
culture nation. Empowerment connotes the authorization of oriented but
subjugated units to engage actively in the pursuits and achievement of
collective goals, empowerment is therefore used to imply the giving of
energy or authority to someone or group of people who were hitherto
deprived of such powers or roles in the collective scheme of things
consequently while mobilization is the first step to encouraging women
participation in partism politics, empowerment is the finishing touch on
the programme of women participation in politics.
From historical antecedents we may now advance the cultural belief of
some pre-colonial societies with a view to understanding the practical
and invaluable roles women played in those societies in the period. This
will help us to make or debunk a linkage of limited women participation
in politics to tradi-cultural orientation of the people.
According to Azikwe (1993), empowerment could be explained to the layman
to man-giving or providing power, providing the means to and
opportunities for self-reliance and independence. She went on to
elucidate than an empowered women is one who can and has transformed
herself into a subject and is no longer an object as defined by culture
and tradition. In specific terms, an empowered women is one who has
asses to and control over resources such as land, money and assets,
learns to say no or yes in the struggle for her rights, and possess.
Some abilities and capabilities. In addition, empowerment involves,
having a voice and being heard in national issues, a broadening of
choices brining, about changes in the unequal relationships between the
two sexes, and between government and women.
Everett (1991) observed that an empowered women, has greater control
over her life, is able to define and create from women’s perceptive, is
able to influence the social areas that are recognized as women’s issues
makes the contribution of women ties, responsibilities and authorities.
It is important to note that the main areas of empowerment are
education, politics, economic and socio-cultural. However, educational
empowerment forms a base structural. However, educational empowerment
forms a base structure for all other empowerment of women. In other
words a women who is educationally empowered might be able to achieve
economic and political empowerment all things being equal. Furthermore,
programmes should be organized both at the micro and macro levels such
as women’s village meetings and associations. Most importantly,
empowerment should start from the home and family because from
observation, some husbands disempowered their wives at home, in other
words, some women have power in their place of work but loose it at home
as a result of the chauvinistic attitude of their husband (Azikwe U.,
1993).
The type of education needed by the rural women for empowerment ahs been
developed by Azikwe (1993). Based on the expressed needs of rural
women. It is classified into live areas namely: Basic literacy nutrition
and home management, income generating activities, agriculture, food
production and appropriate technology and primary health care. Any
intervention programme developed on those expressed needs will no doubt
improve the status of our sisters in the rural areas. The women in the
village needs practical skills that will improve her income and life
style. Some barriers to empowering women include tradition and culture,
which form the fabities of the society. Secondly, most women are aware
of some existing laws that are favorable to them, but do not exercise
them. These are areas, where the contribution of FIDA is greatly
required by Nigerian women. Laws should be promulgated to eradicate
traditions and culture that are repressive towards women. FIDA should
also organize seminars and enlightment campaigns to make women,
especially the non-literate ones, aware of favorable laws, how to fight
for their right, and provide legal assistance to women who are unable to
afford it. There is the need for validation in the process of
development programmes and planning education programmes for women is
not an exception. Effective empowerment programmes should be based on
valid primary and secondary data; provision of enough resources (Human
and material), involvement of women, women’s co-operatives associations
and organization in the planning and implementation of the programmes,
establishment of women’s centers and the introduction of women’s studies
as an academic discipline in our educational system. There is need
therefore for data bank (Everett: 1991).
A very important strategy for women empowerment that is often overlooked
is the relationship that exist between, bearing in mind the doctrine
that “united we stand, but divided we fail”. We should lover ourselves
(women) and appreciate each other efforts and contribution. According to
Everett, this cordial relationship and friendship with other women and
colleagues. We should trust one another, be honest with our fellow
women, encourage and support other women.
Currel (1974) Posits that women as the child bring gender, impedes their
entry into the political arena. H also, said that for women to bated
from this traditional bondage, that education is important. However,
available data show that for economic reasons, boys are given
educational preference at the expense of the girls who might be
brighter.
Nwankwo (1992) enunciates that “the problem with Nigerian women in
politics goes beyond awareness.” She identifies financials problem as a
factor that makes most women in achieve in politics. She posits that
politics has become monetized and this was obviously responsible for the
eventual dropout of the female presidential aspirant, Mrs. Sarah Jubril
under the platform of the social Democratic party (S.D.P) in 1992.
Asase (2003) noted that among the fundamental factors, which constrains
and serves as inhibitions to female participation in politics today is
the issue of finance. She also opined that people who do not support the
idea of women in politics says that it is wrong for a woman to go out
of her way to lobby others. Probably makes, for fund. She might as well
kill her political ambition good bye before she starts.
Suleiman (2009) “The minister of women Affairs and social Development,”
in her reaction to the issue of women empowerment, decried low
participation and marginalization of women in Nigeria political system,
attributing it to unfavorable political climate in the country. She is
addition blamed the situation on violence and male chauvinism prevalent
in the political climates, plus lack of financial capabilities, as some
of the reasons why Nigerian women are discouraged from contesting
elections, resulting in low percentage of women public office holders.
Ogbonna (2009) opined that some of the impediments to participating,
contesting and wining elections in the country are money politics and
power play that effectively scheme women out. Money has always been seen
as major factor in the game politics, along with the relative absence
of financial empowerment of women. Besides, there have always been cases
of much violence and assassinations, violent clashes at
rallies and sheer thug which are not really welcomed in a women’s world.
Etiaba (2009) in an interview with Emma-Enyinnaya was of the, that one
of the reasons why the full potentials of women (especially in the area
of politics) have been difficult to realize is due to family role
expectation. Thus:
A lot of married women who strive to achieve career (political) or
business success are faced with a heat wrenching conflict of roles.
Again, women’s involvement in the top league of entrepreneurship in
Nigeria is very limited only a few women who I can count on my finger
tips sit at the a per of the organizational chart of big corporations in
the oil, gas, communications, banking, manufacturing, transport,
publishing and trading sectors of our economy.
In furtherance, she maintained that financial constraints have not
helped matter either and the moat female entrepreneurs end up in the
middle and lower cadre moat especially as it concerns political
participations.
Asase (2003) equally posited that new obstacle have teamed up with old
ones to work against women in governance. Sharia (as a religious and
penal code) as being practiced in Zamfara state and some other northern
states, for instance, is obviously a drawback to the anticipation of
women in politics. Here women are not expected to mix with men in public
and separate transportation has been provided for more political
relevant roles for women in the polity should not be viewed as at the
party. Thus, Mrs. Josephine Anenih was cautious in her response to how
Sharia world affect the involvement of Northern women in politics.
“I have spoken to one or two of the governors practicing sharia, and
they have assured me that it would not limit the participation of women
(in governance) and that if they now say that because of sharia they
will not present women candidates we” 11.deal with that when we get
there.”
Ozigbo (1998) in his study noted that the traditional Nigerian society
paid particular attention to women education in the home. Thus informal
education was geared towards training young girls to acquire good
manners and household chores. They were socialized into feminine roles
of cooking, home craft child rearing practice and so in. they were
saddled with heavy household, chores and sent to schools with skeptism
and lack of parental support. Boys on the other hand went to school with
parental and community support and approval which gave them a feeling
of importance and superiority. Knowingly or unknowingly, schools added
to the disadvantage through administrative practice, school curriculum,
teacher behaviors and classroom environment that reflect societal values
on gender. There was this attitude of marrying girls at first
opportunity regardless of their ages and feelings because of the fear
that girls who waited too long might not find suitable husband.
In many parts of the world, females are the victims of educational
inequalities. Statistical analysis on access to education shows a
disparately between girls and boys, at all levels of education. In
African countries, sons receive education before daughters. Even when
education is free power. Parents can only afford educate some of their
children. They may decide send their sons to school rather than their
daughters.
In Nigeria, the universal education (UPE) was one of the factors that
led to sudden increase in the enrollment of girls in schools. In most
less developed countries boys dominate in schools. But statistics in
some developed countries indicates that girls enroll in school in the
same extent as or more than boys (UNDP, 1990). At the tertiary level
women participate less in education than men in all regions of the
world. Projection to the year 2000 suggest that these inequalities in
education will persist in many of the world, especially in the areas of
science and technology (UNDP, 1990).
Education is the key to success and index of empowerment. It equips the
individuals with skills and knowledge needed to make her an effective
member of the society with education, the individual is able to
initiate, embrace and mange changes. It widens the information base of
the recipient, improving her skills and knowledge as well as increasing
her potential for creativity. Azikwe (1993) adds that education ahs been
recognized as one of the best instruments for social control and
change, also an essential fool for natural development. Education
facilities the liberation of the mind beyond self, ethnic or religious
groupings into a more macro conceptualization of human relations and
associations (Ndu; 1994).
Access to education has given women a greater sense of fulfillment. The
party of investing a woman cannot be estimated especially in terms the
children’s performance in school. It provides significant social returns
in that women are more influential in maintaining the health and
nutritional standards. Better educated female population is very lively
to poster national development through changed that can be expected in
the nature of labour forces participation. These will promote efficient
use of resources. Female education lower fertility and thereby slows
population growth because educated women prefer to have fewer children
and smaller family size. Women are largely identified with the
transmission of cultural and moral values of the society. A better
educated population is likely to contribute not only to a more
politically active adult population but also to transmission of
political values as well (Okeke, 2000).
To further portray the importance of women education it was pointed out
by scholars that “out of 100 typical American women, 21 years of age (6)
will never marry, or the (94) who will marry (33) will see the first
marriage end in divorce of the remaining (61) who are married, (46) will
outlive their husbands. Thus (85) out of (100) women will be on their
own sometimes during their lives”. Since education is sin qua non to
individual and national development, and women make up a larger segment
of most nations, than suffice it to state that any nation that is able
to provide her citizens, male and female, without discrimination and
biases, all things being equal. Sustainable development of a nation
depends, to a large extent on full participation and contribution of
every member of the society, not just the male or the educated.
To educationally neglected, a significant proportion of the society
(women) could be therefore disastrous and retrogressive. Hence, Obasanjo
(1992) warn that a significant stride in development is unrealistic for
any country that marginalizes women who constitute a large and
important segments of the society.
However, it is not exaggerating to say that certain women have not one
time or the other held positions of high responsibilities, to the world
reputable political leadership qualities in various capabilities in the
politics of their respective national, for instance, Mrs. Felix Fortune
(of the NDP). Mrs. Biola Baba tope and Mrs. Justina Eze (both in house
of representative) Mrs. Florence Ita Giwa a senator between 1999 – 2003,
one time personal adviser to president on legislature matters, Dr.
(Mrs.) Ngozi Okonjo Iwela. Iwela former minister of finance.
Prof. (Mrs.) Dora Akunyili former boss NAFDAC and minister of
information and communication. Hadjia Zainab Maina, minister of Woman
Affairs and Social Development
Not withstanding all the non-governmental organization (NGO’s)
international women’s group and the awareness created by these women who
participated in politics directly or indirectly and those who were
appointed either as advisers. It would appear that political
participation among women is still not much especially in the rural area
where there are less emancipated and political oriented women.
The literatures reviewed above consider various issues and factors that
hinder and limits the political space for women participation and
empowerment in politics, which include educational factor, religious,
cultural and financial factors.
1.6 Theoretical Framework
This work is based on “Group theory” as the framework of analysis. The
intellectual roots of the group theory lies in the doctrine of pluralism
as explained by a number of early twentieth century English writers.
Particularly by John FIGGIS, F.W. Mattland and G.D.H Cole. On the other
hand, the group theorist tried to establish the group, rather than the
individual or society as the basic unit in the study of politics.
Bentley stated that the “raw material we study in politics is never
found in one man by himself, it can not even be stated by adding, men to
men. It must be taken as it comes in many men together”. It is an a
relation between men or the action of men with or upon each other.
Group theory begins with the proposition that interaction among group is
the central fact of politics. Individuals with common interest band
together formally or informally to press their demands upon governments.
According to David Truman, an interest group is “a shared attitude
group that makes certain claims upon groups in the society” such a group
becomes political if and when it makes a claim through or upon any of
the institutions of government. Individual are important in politics
only when they act as part of or on behalf of group interest. The group
becomes the essential bridge among group to influence public policy. The
tasks of the political system is to mange group conflict by
establishing rules of the game in the group struggle, arrange
compromises and balancing interest enacting compromises in the form of
public policy and enforcing these compromises.
According to the group theorists; public policy of any given time is the
equilibrium reaction in the group struggle. The equilibrium is
determined by the relative influence of interest groups. Changes in the
relative influence of any interest groups can be expected to result in
change in public policy, numbers, wealth, organizational strength,
leadership, access to decision makers, and internal cohesion.
Group theory purports to describe all meaningful political activity in
terms of the group struggle. Policy makers are viewed as constantly
responding to group pressure, bargaining, negotiating and compromising
among competing demands of influential groups. The politicians attempts
to form a majority coalition of groups, in so doing, they have some
latitude in determining what groups are to be included in the majority
collation. The larger the constituency of the politician the greater,
the number of diverse interest and greater his latitude in selecting
groups to form a majority coalition.
The group theory leads logically to a particular concept of the social
system and of political behavior. It is therefore, through the social
system that the various groups seek to realize or maximize their
interest. The group theorists are interest in the fact that the society
keeps going in spite of the perpetual conflict among groups in which
each is frantically pursuing its own narrow self-interest. Groups
theorist have shown a great deal of interests in the internal
organization and process of various groups and discussed questions
concerning boundary, size, territory and forms of integration.
Claiming to understand politics and political behavior in terms of
group’s conflict, the group theorists have evaded any clear – cut
definition of politics. Politics according to Bentley was a rather
high-level activity carried on largely by groups that some how reflected
or represented the underlying force in society. Since groups could be
taken as representing, than political activities, political activities
could be regarded as simply one part or aspect of the total activity of
groups.
Further more, since group theory deals with the interaction amongst
various groups which aim at upholding and satisfying specific objectives
as determined by group interest. It can then be said that women
empowerment and participation in politics is a reflection of the product
of the product of the group deliberation. It is note worthy to
understand that individuals with common interest could come together to
press home and struggle for their political right. As a result of these
individual not withstanding their sex can, as important or principal
factors in political participation.
The group’s internal cohesion, leadership, strength, and access to
decision-making determine the impact of groups on politics in Nigeria
since the actors determine the question of “who get what, when and how”.
The authoritative allocation of societal values is determined by how
strong a group is, that is why the more powerful a group is, the more
favored it will be in terms of how it part in government
decision-making. It is for this reason that group serves as the best
approach to the topical issue of women empowerment and political
participation, because it is an approach that incorporates the
individual and group interest towards participating in politics.
Finally, since group theory conscientistes people on the need to
struggle and gain access to decision-making, it has gone a long way to
reduce women, under representation and gender in equality among both
sex.
This theory, has been chosen for this work to it’s practical application
in the analysis and understanding of the behaviors of political actors,
especially as it affect the place and insignificant role of the “women
group” when it comes to political participation and activities in
Nigeria.
1.7 Hypotheses
The hypotheses advanced to give direction to this research such as:
1. There is relationship between politics and women participation in
Nigerian politics especially in Udi Local Government Area where Fidelia
Njeneze was once Minister of Aviation, and Ifeoma Nwobodo the present
Enugu State Chief of Staff.
2. There are some cultural hindrances to women participation in politics
such as some religious practices that hinder women’s participation.
3. High Educational Attainment enhances women’s participation in
politics because it makes them to be literate and free from gender
discrimination.
1.8 Method of Data Collection and Data Analysis
The method of my data collection includes thus:
1. Primary sources which include; questionnaire, direct observation and interview.
2. Secondary sources, which include collection of relevant text books,
Journals, Magazines, Government Publications, Periodical and Internet.
1.9 Method of Data Presentation and Analysis
This study will present data collected from the primary sources in
tables and it will adopt simple percentage as the statistical tool of
analysis. This will enable the researcher to conduct a reliable and
valid analysis.
The analysis and illustration below shows the data analysis of. The link
between low participation and lack of finance. The source of my
analysis was as interview carried out on 11th July, 2013 in Udi Local
Government.
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SIMILAR POLITICAL SCIENCE FINAL YEAR PROJECT RESEARCH TOPICS
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1. THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN ENHANCHING FREE AND FAIR ELECTION IN NIGERIA
» CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION The political culture and structure of elections in Nigeria have been fraught with violence. T...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 59 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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2. THE REALITY OF SEPARATION OF POWERS IN PRESIDENT BUHARI’S ADMINISTRATION
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY There is no gainsaying the fact that the famous doctrine or principle of separation of powers is ...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 73 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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3. WOMEN AND NATION BUILDING
» CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background of the Study Since independence, women participation in politics and decision making in Nigeria have been a cont...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 88 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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4. RECRUITMENT STRATEGIES AND ORGANISATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS IN THE NIGERIAN IMMIGRATION SERVICE: A CASE STUDY OF AKWA IBOM STATE
» TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Declaration ii Certification iii Dedication iv Acknowledgment v Table of Contents viii Abstract xiv CHAPTER ONE: INTROD...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 80 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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5. ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY AND DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA DURING FOURTH REPUBLIC.
» CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY The Nigerian economy has over the decades been characterized by galloping inflation, unequal fore...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 132 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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6. DEMOCRACY AND PROBLEMS OF FISCAL FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA (1999-2009)
» DEMOCRACY AND PROBLEMS OF FISCAL FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA (1999 2009) CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Statement of problem 1.3 O...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 50 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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7. EFFECT OF BIOMETRIC AUTHENTICATION OF VOTERS ON ELECTORAL PROCESS A STUDY OF LAGOS HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION
» ABSTRACT Elections in Nigeria had often filled the air with apprehension and a high sense of trepidation. Stakes in elections are high. Under the zero...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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8. CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION AND DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN NIGERIA AND GHANA, 2003 – 2013
» ABSTRACT Civil Society Organizations played an instrumental role in the restoration of democracy in Nigeria and Ghana and in recognition of their impo...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 50 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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9. AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTONOMY
» ...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 138 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
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10. RUGA SETTLEMENT INITIATIVE: A PANACEA FOR CONFLICT BETWEEN HERDSMEN AND FARMERS IN NIGERIA
» ABSTRACT Recent Killings and destruction of lives and property by a particular tribe known as the Fulani has been on the spot light for some time. The...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 59 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT