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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The concept of ethnic is derived from the Greek word “ethnos”
meaning tribe or race. Niger Delta is blessed with numerous ethnic groups in
Nigeria, which has also contributed to the sustainability of Nigeria state. The
definition of the Niger Delta has elicited different views. The World Bank
(1993) described it as one of the words larges wetlands and Africa’s largest
delta covering some 70,000km, formed by the accumulation of sedimentary
deposits transported by the Niger and Benue Rivers. A publication of the
defunct Oil Minerals Producing Area Development Commission (OMPADEC) reads
that:
The River Niger disgorges its waters into the
Atlantic Ocean through a large number of tributaries which form the Niger
Delta. The area of the Delta is further enlarged by rivers other than
tributaries of the Niger……….Calabar River, Cross River and Imo River to the
East, and Siluko River, Benin River, Escravoss River and River Forcados, to the
west (OMPADEC, 1993: 80).
In the view of the OMPADEC, the River Niger, its
tributaries and other rives which have enlarged the area of the Niger Delta;
define the scope of the area. Following this, it posits that the Niger Delta is
made up of at least seven states which are Rivers, Bayelsa, Delta, Akwa- Ibom, Cross-River,
Ondo and Edo states. In like manner, the Willink Commission Report (1958)
locates the Niger Delta within the Ibo Plateau and the Cross River valley. The
Report describes it thus:
To the east of Ibo Plateau lies the valley of
Cross River, which is fed by streams from the
Cameroons as well as form the Plateau. This
forms a broad vertical strip containing people
who are not Ibos. Across the south of the region
from the Niger in the West to the mountains in
the East, stretches a broad horizontal best of
swamps and low-lying country. These two strips
of the coastal belt and the Cross River valley
together make together a piece of country, the shape of a rather sprawling
reversal ‘L’ which encloses the Ibo Plateau. In the swamp and Greek country of
the south west there is an area in which the predominant tribe group is that of
the Ijaws ……..towards the mouth of the Cross River are the Efiks ……… and the
Ibibio’s …….. Further north on the Cross River are
many tribes inter mingled in a confusing
multitude (Willink Commission Report 1958:34).
The Niger Delta Ethnic communities have settled
in the area for many millennia with the Ijaws ethnic group being the oldest
group, having lived there for over 7,000 years, the other ethnic groups have
been in the area for about 1,000 years (Ibaba, 2005). The widespread view,
which accepts the definition of the Willink Commission, largely congruent with
the position of OMPADEC, that sees the Niger Delta region as the south-south
geopolitical zone, made up of Akwa-Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo and
Rivers states (with Bayelsa, Delta and Rivers states classified as core Niger
Delta states). The broader and
widely refuted definition by the Niger Delta
Development Commission (NDDC) Act, which includes Abia, Imo and Ondo states, is
wrong. The NDDC Act defines the Niger Delta as oil producing areas, which it is
not. The scope of the region is defined by geography as highlighted by OMPADEC
and the Willink Commission Report. The Ethnic groups in the Niger Delta
includes the Itsekiri, Isoko, Urhobo, Ogoni, Ijaw, Ikwerre, Ika, Ibibio, Efiks,
Ukwuani, Abua etc. The primary occupation of the people consists of fishing and
farming. Niger Delta is the heart of Nigeria’s oil industry (with over 90
percent) share of production (Ibaba, 2005). Niger Delta region today has
witnessed ethnic nationalist and also ethnic
nationalism, however it is therefore imperative
this study explained the concepts nationalism.
Ethnic nationalism is a form of nationalism
wherein the “Nation” is defined in terms of ethnicity whatever specific
ethnicity is involved while Nationalism refers to the feeling of solidarity and
loyalty by social classes towards the rules and institutions of the social
formation in which they live (Ifesinachi, 2011). The active consciousness of
being a different nation especially in relations with other nations or groups.
The struggles by colonized nations or nationalities for collective or separate
independent statehood or any other form of self determination (Igwe, 2007:
283). Subrat (2010) elaborated that nationalism is the sense of belonging to a
particular state.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Ethnic nationalism is a form of nationalism wherein the “Nation” is defined in terms of ethnicity whatever specific ethnicity is involved while Nationalism refers to the feeling of solidarity and loyalty by social classes towards the rules and institutions of the social formation in which they live. Ethnic nationalism has affected the internal security of Niger Delta region, Nigeria 1999-2014. Secondly, Nigeria government institutions have not adequately curtailed violent Niger Delta ethnic nationalism in the region 1999-2014.Based on this the researcher wants to investigate the effects of ethnic nationalism on internal security in the Niger Delta.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is effects of ethnic nationalism on internal security in the Niger Delta region. But for the successful completion of the study; the researcher intends to achieve the following sub-objectives;
1. To ascertain the causes of insecurity in Niger Delta region
2. To ascertain whether ethnic nationalism affect the internal security in Niger Delta region
3. To ascertain the relationship between ethnic nationalism and internal security in Niger Delta region
4. To find the solution to the problem of insecurity in Niger Delta region
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The following hypotheses were postulated and tested;
H0: there are no causes of insecurity in the Niger Delta region
H1: there are causes of insecurity in the Niger Delta region
H02: there are no relationship between ethnic nationalism and internal security in Niger Delta region
H2: there are relationship between ethnic nationalism and internal security in Niger Delta region
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of benefit to the Niger Delta region and the entire Nation. The study will help to find out the causes of insecurity in Niger Delta region and the lasting solution. The study will also be of great benefit to the researchers who intends to embark on research on similar topics as it will serve as a guide. Finally, the study will be of great importance to academia’s, lecturers, teachers, students and the general public.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the effects of ethnic nationalism on internal security in the Niger Delta region. The researcher encounters some constrain which limited the scope of the study;
a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Organizational privacy: Limited Access to the selected auditing firm makes it difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the activities.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
ETHNIC: Ethnic definition, pertaining to or characteristic of a people, especially a group (ethnic group) sharing a common and distinctive culture, religion, language
NATIONALISM: patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts.
INTERNAL SECURITY: Internal security, or IS, is the act of keeping peace within the borders of a sovereign state or other self-governing territories. Generally by upholding the national law and defending against internal security threats.
NIGER DELTA: The Niger Delta is the delta of the Niger River sitting directly on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean in Nigeria.
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows
Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study
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