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ABSTRACT
Endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide commonly used to control pests in vegetables,
cotton, fruits and other agricultural produce. It is a contact and stomach insecticide toxic to
mammals, fish and other aquatic organisms. Several reports have shown that it is a highly
neurotoxic agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of brain lipoperoxidation
and oxidative stress in sensorimotor and cognitive changes, arising from endosulfan
exposure in Wistar rats and the ameliorative potentials of vitamin E. Thirty two (32) male
Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight (8) rats each: group I rats
received soya oil at 2 ml/kg body weight; group II rats received vitamin E at a dose of 30
mg/kg body weight; group III rats received endosulfan at a dose of 12 mg/kg; and group IV
rats received vitamin E (30 mg/kg) followed by endosulfan (12 mg/kg) after 30 mins. The
regimens were administered orally by gavage once daily for 28 days. The rats were
examined for neurobehavioural parameters: assessing motor endurance and neuromuscular
coordination at weeks 0, 2 and 4; and for cognition 48 hrs to the termination of the study.
At the end of the study period, the rats were euthanized. Brain homogenate samples were
evaluated for malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and activities of superoxide
dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The results showed significant elevation (p < 0.05) in
MDA concentration in the endosulfan-treated group compared to the vitamin E pre-treated
group; a significant increase in CAT activity in the endosulfan-treated group (p < 0.05)
compared to the control group, and no significant change in SOD activity in all the groups.
Endosulfan-treated rats showed decreased motor endurance and neuromuscular
coordination, compared to that of the control rats and rats in other treatment groups;
although the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). No significant difference (p > 0.05)
was recorded for the learning acquisition in all treatment groups, although rats in the
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endosulfan-treated group showed an impaired ability to learn. However, the ability of the
endosulfan-treated rats to retain memory was significantly impaired (p < 0.05) when
compared to the vitamin E treated rats. The results showed that endosulfan induced
oxidative stress, impaired motor skills and short term memory acquisition and retention,
which were ameliorated by vitamin E treatment in male Wistar rats.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The subtle impact of chemicals in our environment upon animals was first highlighted by
Rachel Carson with her work on Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in the 1950s and
1960s. More recently, studies have shown clearly the impact of man-made chemicals and
many pesticides. These may interfere with or disrupt normal body functions, exacerbating
the development of cancers, reducing sperm counts, interfering with normal development,
among other health impacts (Colborn et al., 1996). In recent years, there has been a
tremendous increase in the use of these chemicals without paying much attention to the
adverse effects they may have due to the toxic ingredients (Yekeen and Adeboye, 2013).
Pesticide-related adverse effects in humans, animals and birds remain a serious public
health concern (Farag et al., 2014). Pesticides are a group of chemicals made for the
purpose of killing or otherwise deterring “pest” species. The word pesticide may refer to
insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, or other pest control formulations. Pesticides are known
to be the most important tool for the production of adequate food supply for an increasing
world population and for the control of vector-borne diseases (Mahugija et al., 2017), they
are however, inherently toxic and often pose significant toxicological risks to a myriad of
non-target organisms (US EPA, 2009; Ondarza et al., 2014). Pesticides applied to crops
and livestock can remain on or in our food (Colborn et al., 1996; Mahugija et al., 2017),
finally finding their way to the food chain threatening the ecological balance and the
biodiversity of nature (Konstantinou et al., 2006). Most of the chemicals which are used as
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