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ABSTRACT
Globally, as of 2010, an estimated 285 million people had diabetes, with type 2 making up about
90% of the cases The management of diabetes without side effects is a major challenge in the
medical system.Silkof Zea maysfrom a variety of maize sources has been shown to have a range
of biological activities and potential health benefits such as hypoglycemia, antioxidant,
hypocholesteromic and hepatoprotective activities. The current research is aimed at evaluating
theHypoglycemic and Hepato-Protective Effects of Hydro-Ethanol Extract of Zeamayson
Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats. Twenty Five adult Wistar rats of both sexes were used,
with average weight of 150gms and they were randomly divided into five groups. The animals in
groups II, III, IV and V were exposed to 160 mg/kg per body weight of the
Alloxanintraperitoneally to induce diabetes mellitus; only those rats with blood glucose above
200 mg dl-1 were selected for the study. After induction of diabetes, animals of group II, III, IV
and V received Zea mayssilk extract (0.6 g/kg, 0.8 g kg-1) and Glibenclamide (1mg/kg) orally for
14 days respectively, while group I served as control and were administered with normal
saline. The therapeutic effects of Zea mays on blood glucose, liver function test (ALT, AST, and
ALP) were assayed including the histological architecture of the pancreas and liver.The diabetic
control group was characterized by a significant Increased (P ≤ 0.05)in Glucose concentration
and increased in the liver function test (ALT, AST, and ALP). This present work indicates that
hydro- ethanol extract ofZea mayssilkpossesses significant hypoglycaemic and hepato-protective
activity in vivo by reducing liver function enzymes, initiate regeneration of beta cell in the
xvi
pancreas and restore the cyto-architecture of the liver in diabetes induced adult wistar rats within
the 14 days of treatment.
xvii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder in which blood sugar (glucose) levels
are abnormally high (hyperglycemia), due to insufficient production or inappropriate
metabolism of insulin (Shoback, 2011). It is a chronic non-communicable disease which
generally starts insidiously over a period of long time, and even in the absence of symptoms,
hence called as a silent killer. Many individual are accidentally detected as a case of DM
when they are investigated for some other reasons like preoperative investigation. It is
characterized by a state of hyperglycemia (high blood sugar level) due to insulin deficiency.
Insulin is an essential hormone produced by the beta cells of Langerhans of pancreas. It is
required for metabolism of glucose; in the absence of insulin, the body cannot metabolize
glucose hence it cannot be utilized for body functions leading to a state of chronic
hyperglycemia. If this hyperglycemia is not treated in due time it can lead to serious
consequences on body like damage nerve (neuritis) and blood vessels (micro-angiopathies and
atherosclerosis) (Sampatti, 2016).
In the year 2012, DM was a direct cause of death of 1.5 million people and most of them
(80%) belong to low and middle income countries. Asian countries contribute to more than
60% of world’s diabetic burden (Shoback, 2011). The prevalence of DM is expected to rise
from 285 million in the year 2010 to 438 million in 2030. WHO projects that DM will be the
7th leading cause of death by 2030 (Unwin et al., 2009).
There are two major forms of DM, t
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