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ABSTRACT
Substance abuse especially amongst young adults constitutes a global problem. Cannabis sativa is a commonly abused illicit drug. Some of its effects include impaired short memory, attention and reduced motor skills. Ethanol is a multiple action depressor of the central nervous system and under its influence, confused and disorganized thinking results. Both drugs have a detrimental effect on prospective memory in adults but users may not be aware of this. This study was therefore aimed at evaluating the co-administration of ethyl acetate fraction of Cannabis sativa leaves and ethanol on Learning, Memory and the histomorphology of the Hippocampus in Mice (Mus Musculus) using the Y-maze and Novel Object Recognition (NOR) paradigms. Fourty eight apparently healthy male albino mice of 20-28 g body weight were assigned into two major groups consisting of four sub-groups each; A, B, C, and D. Each sub group had six mice each (n=6). Sub-groups A, B, C, and D were administered distilled water 1 ml/kg body weight (bwt) (control), 145 mg/kg bwt ethyl acetate fraction of Cannabis sativa leaves, ethanol 20% v/kg bwt and co-administration of 145 mg/kg bwt ethyl acetate fraction of Cannabis sativa leaves and 20% v/kg bwt of alcohol respectively, orally for 21 days. Neurobehavioural assessment was carried out using the Y-maze and Novel Object Recognition (NOR) Paradigms. The Hippocampal histology and volumes were obtained using H & E staining technique and Cavalieri estimator respectively. Data were expressed as mean±SEM. One way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to compare the means at p<0.05. The result of Y-maze test showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the mean rank of the co-administered group followed by the cannabis group indicating memory impairment when compared to control. NORT result showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in discrimination and retention indexes in the co-administered group followed by the Cannabis sativa treated group when compared to control. A non-statistical significant (P>0.05) decrease was observed in Hippocampal volume when compared to the control. Histopathological evaluation revealed disorganization and focal necrosis of pyramidal cells of the hippocampus in the co-administered group when compared to the control. It can therefore be inferred from the findings of this study that, co-administration of ethyl acetate fraction of Cannabis sativa leaves with ethanol is more detrimental to hippocampal histoarchitecture with a corresponding memory impairment relative to administration of either.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a drug in which the user
consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others,
and is a form of substance-related disorder (Kris and Oakley Ray, 2002). Widely differing
definitions of drug abuse are used in public health, medical and criminal justice contexts. In
some cases criminal or anti-social behavior occurs when the person is under the influence of a
drug, and long term personality changes in individuals may occur as well (Kris and Oakley Ray,
2002). Cannabis sativa and alcohol are among the most commonly abused illicit drugs (Fontes et
al., 2011).
Cannabis sativa, commonly known as marijuana (prepared leaves), is one of the most commonly
used illicit drugs for recreational purposes. Cannabis sativa contains a unique group of chemicals
called cannabinoids. Its main psychoactive constituent is tetrahydro cannabinol (THC). The plant
is known to contain about sixty cannabinoids; however, most of these „minor‟ cannabinoids are
only produced in trace amounts (Ashton, 2001). The psychoactive substance in cannabis, delta-9-
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), stimulates cannabinoid receptors (CBRs), located on the surface of
neurons, to produce the psychoactive effects.
Alcohol is also a psychoactive substance based on its abilities to alter human consciousness. It is
commonly consumed as a recreational drug. It also acts as „gateway‟ drug to the use of other
substances like cocaine, heroin, amphetamine, inhalants and hallucinogens (Makanjuola et al,
2014). Alcohol has effects on every organ in the drinker's body. Intoxication can impair brain
function and motor skills; chronic use can increase risk of cancers, stroke, and liver disease.
Alcoholism or alcohol dependence is a diagnosable disease characterized by a strong craving for
1
alcohol, with continued use despite harm or injury. Alcohol abuse is a pattern of drinking that
result in harm to one's health, interpersonal relationships, or ability to work (NIDA, 2015).
1.2 Statement of Research Problem
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SIMILAR PHYSIOLOGY FINAL YEAR PROJECT RESEARCH TOPICS
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2. EFFECT OF VITAMIN E AND RESVERATROL ON OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF CARBAMAZEPINE-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN MALE WISTAR RATS
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3. PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMERCIAL DRIVERS RECKLESSNESS
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4. EFFECT OF Cola nitida (COLANUT) ON GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY OF ULCER INDUCED WISTAR RATS
» ABSTRACT The effect of the ethanolic extract of Cola nitida (colanut) on the intestinal motility, gastric secretion and ulceration in albino wistar ra...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 61 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | PHYSIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
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5. EVALUATION OF ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY OF DATE (PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA) IN MICE AND CHICKS
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6. EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF Brassica oleracea (CABBAGE) ON INTESTINAL MOTILITY AND GASTRIC SECRETION IN ALBINO WISTAR RATS
» ABSTRACT The effect of ethanol extract of Brassica oleracea (cabbage) on intestinal motility and gastric secretion was studied using wistar albino rat...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 79 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | PHYSIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
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7. THE EFFECT OF EMPLOYEE'S PERCEPTION, TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT ON ORGANIZATION PERFORMANCE.
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8. STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB SATISFACTION AND ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT
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9. INFLUENCE OF GENDER AND MODE OF STUDY ON EXAMINATION ANXIETY AMONG UNDERGRADUATES
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