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ABSTRACT
The broadcast media comprise of the radio and television,
it has not been as enterprising as it should be. This is due to the
majority ownership and control of the broadcast media by the government.
Concisely
put, broadcast is a society wide type of message dissemination, which
involves the transmission of ideas, words, sounds, pictures and values
in the form of signals through the airwaves to a target audience.
Broadcasting is an activity of a branch of the media of mass
communication called the electronic media that use transmitters and
airwaves in the transmission of news and information to their
heterogeneous audience.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Mass
media are very important tools of communication, through which
information is passed to even the farthest end of the society. They
enable us to communicate with each other by helping us to overcome the
barriers of time and space. They perform both primary and secondary
functions for the society.
The media of mass communication are
divided into the electronic (broadcast) and print media. The print media
involves mainly magazine and newspaper; they are informers which
provide retrievable, researched, in-depth and interpretative news
stories of events.
The broadcast media comprise of the radio and
television, it has not been as enterprising as it should be. This is due
to the majority ownership and control of the broadcast media by the
government.
Concisely put, broadcast is a society wide type of
message dissemination, which involves the transmission of ideas, words,
sounds, pictures and values in the form of signals through the airwaves
to a target audience. Broadcasting is an activity of a branch of the
media of mass communication called the electronic media that use
transmitters and airwaves in the transmission of news and information to
their heterogeneous audience.
Ownership is a critical factor for the
content of any medium. This implies that there is a connection between
ownership and the content and nature of a medium. The nature of
ownership itself is determined by the character of the owner, his
interests and the vision he has for the medium. Character here indicates
whether ownership is private or public, private oriented or non-profit
oriented. Interest refers to the economic (business) concerns and
political persuasion of the owner. And vision here, means the idea of
the owner about what a medium should be or do and his understanding of
the practices and goals of journalism.
All these go a long way to
determine the interest of the medium and its coverage of certain issues.
McQuail (2000) contends that the belief that ownership ultimately
determines the nature of media is not just a Marxist theory but
virtually a common sense axiom summed up in Alttschull?s (1984) ?Second
law of journalism: the contents of the media always reflects in
interests of those who finance them.
The disposition of an owner is
to his interests and vision for the medium would also, to an extent
determine his view of the theory of social responsibility which sees
?media ownership as a form of public trust or stewardship, rather than
as an unlimited private franchise? McQuail (2000).
Agba, a
communication expert presents further analysis of third world system as a
system were ownership and control of the media is typical of communist
or socialist countries in which the media are owned publicly and
controlled by the dominant political party and also a centralized
control, privately owned system.
He explains that media are owned by
private organizations and individuals but are firmly controlled by
government. This system is operated in Nigeria and many African
countries. In Nigeria, government control can be direct or indirect.
There is strict control of the mass media through police and military
intervention and harassment. In most countries of the third world,
broadcast media are owned by government and consequently easy to
control.
The media system that exists in a society is directly
related to the political system prevalent in the society. The political
system determines the exact relationship between the media and the
government. The political system in place also determines the
relationship between the media and the people. It also affects the flow
of information in the country in which it operates.
This can be
traced to the political experience of the western region of Nigeria in
the first republic, where; during the 1962 ? 1965 political crises in
the western region, broadcasting was employed freely by the government
of the day as an instrument for waging an offensive opposition.
Following
the activities of major political actors, the government saw its
powerful ability then decided to only trust broadcasting media into the
care of its loyal. it therefore toyed with the idea of tying the radio
and television to what why Edochie of BCOS (RADIO)called ?its apron.?
The
government?s insistence on moving and controlling the electronic media
is in contravention of the universal declaration of human rights article
19 of the UNO. The article 28 stipulates that; everyone has the right
to freedom of opinioned expression; this right includes freedom to hold
opinions without interference and seek, receive and impact information
and idea through any media.
Nevertheless, Nigerians are increasingly,
decrying government ownership and control of radio and television
stations because the stations are increasingly losing its credibility.
Ugo (2008) attributed the fear of the government as; Factor underlying
the restlessness of government of free radio and television from its
contribution is nothing but fear. But government has defense against
this; it claims that the private ownership would lay volatile Nigerian
publics open to selfish manipulation. Hence, it can only trust such big
responsibilities into the hands of its loyal.
Due to the government
control of the electronic media, they lack credibility and objectivity.
This can be accounted in the caliber of workers they parade. Poorly
educated editor and reporters who is easy target for manipulation by the
government and its agents.
Media ownership pattern has become
central to the discussion on mass media and society because Edeani
(1985) printed out that; The nature of ownership of any press system
determines to a great extent whether that press is dynamic, vigorous and
responsive press; or an emasculated, timid, spineless, ineffectual or
irresponsible press.
However, we have three main categories of media ownership namely;
1. Government ownership
2. Private ownership
3. Mixed ownership.
But
the researcher will be constrained to government ownership of media.
Government ownership implies that the medium is completely financed by
the government e.g. broadcasting Corporation of Oyo State (BCOS), Radio
Nigeria, etc. In government ownership, the government not only finances
the media house, but also lay down policies for the media and helps in
implementing them. The government previews the news content and news
programmes to see if they agree with their policies and what they (the
government) want. Also, any news that the government does not want to be
made known to the public and is in the news content, the government
will erase out of the news content.
Also, the government further
controls the media by their decision to invest or not to invest. The
government?s interest will be reflected in their appointment of
competent staff. There is a common saying with regards to mass media
control in Nigeria and elsewhere which has become a clich? that ?he who
pays the piper dictates the tune.? This means that owners of mass media
organize, channel, and control what the media broadcast and how they
broadcast it.
It is obviously true that mass media owners exert a
threatening control over the press, whether the mass media is managed by
a board of director?s appointment, by private owner, or by public
corporation established by the government. The media have policies set
down by the board. The short term and long term operations.
Because
of this influences the ownership, the media has become a mere vociferous
tool, propaganda and as well as indispensible instrument used by the
government to make or mark their relationship with the masses. 1.2
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Whatever the practice of radio Nigeria,
the influence of leadership and control on gate-keeping are still
present and if it is not handled well, it may greatly impair the success
of any program, so this is what the researcher is aimed at finding.
Right programming decision can lead to success for the radio station. In
ownership, government exercise total control of the medium or media
information. It has the right to appoint the chairman, the editors and
members of the board of directors of the body. I countries with less
degree of free press, government has manipulated the masses using
broadcasting media. Broadcasting is volatile and its potentials are
unending satisfaction.
Since Radio Nigeria is a state government
owned broadcasting media station, it could be involved in state
government propaganda machinery like others. This researcher has been
monitoring the quality of news and programmes coming out on BCOS radio
and is disturbed by the level of sycophantic (praise singing) on the
government that negates objective reporting. It is on this note
therefore that this researcher is set out to know whether such
non-objective reporting is as a result of government o the journalist or
if there are other factors responsible on such unethical reportage.
Government
did not own and exert control of broadcast media for its sake but for a
definite purpose of using it as a medium or tool of telling its own
story the way it suits them. Most state owned media organizations are
hand locked with credibility and objective questions for the way they
have handled information dissemination for the government at the expense
of the opposition and indeed the people. For this reason, media
audience is today known to take state owned media messages with a pinch
of salt. And because BCOS radio is a culprit in this issue, the
researcher has chosen it for her study.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Based on this seemingly observation, the objective of this study includes:
1. To find out how objective the BCOS (radio) discharges its duty in the light of government ownership and control.
2. To determine whether BCOS (radio) is involved in sycophantic reporting.
3. To find out how government influence on the station affect people?s patronage.
4. To determine the pattern of recruitment of journalist into the organization.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
A
number of questions have been raised and answers to such questions
definitely shall provide solution to the problem of government misuse of
BCOS. The belief of the researcher is that the following research
questions will provide focus and direct her attention to major issues in
the identified problems and they are:
1. To what level has government ownership and control influence affected objective reporting on BCOS (radio)?
2. How does BCOS (RADIO) practice sycophantic reporting?
3. How true is it that government influences on the station affect people?s patronage?
4. To what extent does journalist?s recruitment into the BCOS (radio) station comply with the standard principles?
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The
scope of this study is limited to only accessing the impact which
government of Nigeria State influence on ownership and control of its
radio arm is having on the journalist objective reporting. It does not
cover other areas of the states broadcast media organization or states
print media. It only discusses radio, taking an aspect of negative
reporting which audience is alleging that emanates due to control
influence. And that is what this study wants to investigate.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
benefits of this study are numerous. The impact of government ownership
and control of Nigeria Broadcasting Service (radio) demands serious
empirical investigation because of its significance as follows:
a. The study result will confirm whether state government use BCOS (radio) as propaganda machinery.
b. The study will expose the level of government involvement in the management and staff recruitment in the station.
c. The study will expose the level of sycophantic practice in the government owned broadcast station.
d. The result of the study serves as reference material for further studies in management, government and mass communication.
e. Both government and management of BCOS (RADIO)(radio) will find the study useful in many aspects.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF SIGNIFICANT TERMS
In order to avoid
the researchers misinterpretation of certain words or terms contained in
the title of this work, the researcher defined the term operationally,
such words and terms are:
1. Government: the body that controls and directs the affairs or welfare of the state.
2. Impact: is a change in a particular situation of something either positively or negatively.
3. Objective reporting: is the situation in news coverage where facts are reported without bias.
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