CHAPTER ONE


1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY


A substance misused is a serious social problem which has a lot of socio-economic and political implication on the society. The common drugs abused being misused are those that affect the function of the brain. Generally speaking, the drugs that soothe, excite, stimulate and or depress are widely abused by many youth. However, the active involvement of the youth in this anti social behavior is alarming and dangerous to the development of any society.1

The damage done by drug abuse is so enormous that our level is drifting at frightening proportion leading to all sorts of crimes, insecurity and other vices which are alien to our society. Drug abuse nowadays has taken a new dimension with youths between the age of 1 and 30 years getting more involved. This is worrisome as it negates the norms and values of our religious teachings and culture, especially when viewed against the fact that, youths are believed to be the leaders and defenders of our society in the future, and hence the need to address issues relevant in the cause of their progression in life. The youths are vanguards of national development and agents of social reformation, need to be packaged, managed, preserved and protected. We also must ensure that we provide the right guidance to them which will enable the emergence of


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vibrant and resourceful youth who will take over the affairs of the state at the time when they grow older2

With regard to intoxication the position of Islam is clearly explained in the Qu’ran as stated in the following:

O you who believe! Certainly intoxicants, gambling, divination by arrows are an abomination of shaitan’s doing avoid it in order that you may be successfully3.



Once again, the Companions (RA) asked the Prophet (S.A.W) about whether the fermented drinks made from sugar cane, barley, or corn use prohibited or not. The Prophet (S.A.W) replied thus:

Every intoxicating substances is wine, and every Sine is forbidden4.



Islam in order to interpretation absolutely forbids any quantity of wine that so ever quality may be, even if it only a drop.

Necrotic, drug, and lie such as hashish, India hemp, or anything cause any herm to the body or mind are also absolutely forbidden in Islam. Islam forbids intoxicants in view of its negative effect to the well being of the humanity as its evil ensure both perpetrator and others so the issue of substances misused is general affairs especially on the youths. And today the youth are more involved in it than other age group. For this it is imperative to study the cause, extent and effect of intoxicants

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comprehensively being on obstacle to the smooth running of morality and breed immorality thereby corrupting life.



1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY


The scope of this research is the abuse of drugs and its association with its misused by Muslim youths, particularly in Sokoto Metropolis.

Since the study is to be carried out at a single location, it is difficult to generalize beyond the specific location. Even though activities of Muslim youths exist in some other towns of Sokoto State. Sokoto metropolis was chosen alone, because its difficult to generalize the finding of this study to cover the views of Muslim youths across Sokoto State. More town need to be sampled, not only talk of one location of Sokoto State as in this study.

In conducting this research project, Sokoto metropolis was taken as a study.



1.3 SIGNIFICANE OF THE STUDY


It is hoped that this study will inspire research on topic, although the percentage of the substance as misused by Muslim youth in Sokoto metropolis is smaller than other places. Substances misused by Muslim


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youth in Sokoto metropolis cause major problem to the society. This research project will help in finding out the different forms of substances misused by Muslim youth and offer some useful suggestions in combating the problems.



1.4 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS


This research title “Different forms of substances and their misused by Muslim youth in Sokoto metropolis” was carried out in order to clarify some problematic issue concerning drug abuse among Muslim which post a threat to their health, status, well-being and society in general.

The general impression is that, the rate of substance misused among Muslim youth in Sokoto metropolis is higher than it was perhaps twenty-six years ago 5.

Drug trafficking and abuse kill dreams. It depletes the workforce of a country. The economy is dittoed through laundered proceed of drugs. There is also the problem of drug-induced violence and crime. Unfortunately while many students drop out of school others either spend years in prison or die prematurely 6.

As a result of this, these are problems that necessitated the writing of this project such as:



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1.  What are the forms of substances misuses by the Muslims youth in the study area?

2.  What are the socio – economic characteristic of the Muslims youth involved in substances misuse?

3.  What are the demographic characteristic of the Muslim youth involved in substances misused?

4.  What are the consequences of substances misused among the Muslim youth?



1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES


The aim of the study is to assess different forms of substances and their misused by Muslim youth in Sokoto metropolis with a view to:

Improve health, and reduce morbidity and disabilities due to substances misused, and to identify further areas of research and recommend possible solutions in dealing with the problems.

The main objectives of the study are:


1.  To asses the different forms of substances misused in the target population





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2.  To describe the socio-economic and characteristic of Muslim youth involved in substances misuses.

3.  To determine the demographic characteristics of Muslims youth involved in substances misused.

4.  To determine the consequences of some substances misused on the study area.



16. METHODOLOGY


This will discuss method and procedure used in carrying out the research. The following methods will be taken into consideration in the data analysis, the main sources used in this work are educational resource centers, such as, Wazari Junaidu History and Culture Bureau Sokoto, Abdullahi Fodiyo Library, Sokoto State Library. Others include published or unpublished books papers presented, etc. Interview will also be conducted with those that are directly or indirectly relevant to the topic in order to get comprehensive and qualitative information useful for the compilation of the work.












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1.7 STRUCTURE


The structure of this research project is divided into five chapters. Then each chapter has its own subdivisions that deal with different aspects in relation to the topic.

The first chapter which is introductory contains eight different units. Thus Background of the Study, Scope of the Study, Significance of the Study, Statement of the Research problems, Aim and Objectives, Methodology, Structure and Literature Review.

The second chapter of this work deals with historical background of Sokoto, early inception of Sokoto, people and their pre-occupation, religious set up of people of Sokoto metropolis, social set up of people of Sokoto metropolis, economic set up of people of Sokoto metropolis and intellectual set up of people of Sokoto metropolis.

The third chapter addresses the concept of Morality in Islam, Morality and ethics in Islam, Definition of Morality /ethics, An overview about intoxicant, Effect of intoxicant to the general morality survival.

The chapter four focuses on the effect of substances on the life of Muslim youth, Forms of substances misused in Sokoto Metropolis, Causes of Substances misused in Sokoto Metropolis, Effect of substances misused among Muslim youth in Sokoto Metropolis.


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Chapter fie which is the last one introduces Solution from Islamic Perspective, Bibliography, List of Informants and End note at every chapters.

1.8 LITERATURE  REVIEW


As far as this research project is concerned numerous as well as notable prominent people have written on it and were contacted about the light of the project. Therefore, the source material which was reviewed related to the research was as follows:

•   “SUBSTANCES ABUSE – AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE”:7   A paper

presented by Shaykh Hategekimana Hassan at panel discussion, University of Botswana (2013). In this paper, after definition of substances, the author talk about substance abuse, Alcoholism, Reason for drinking Alcohol.

This paper is very important to my research project most especially in the definition of substances, and the substances misused. The author defined substance abuse as a excessive use of a drug (as alcohol, narcotics or cocaine), use of drug without medical justification. The author also said substance abuse can simply be defined as a pattern of harmful use of any substance for mood altering purposes.






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So therefore substance is any intoxicant (liquid, solid or gas) that is voluntarily taken into the body by swallowing, injection, inhaling or ingesting, which produces an effect on the brain resulting in a change of the mood of the individual.

•   “THE YOUTH AND EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE”: 8 this book was written by Abdul-Razaq Shehu (2012). This book consist of three chapters.


In the chapter one, the author explains most about the definition of drugs, and the legal implication of illicit trafficking in drugs.

In the chapter two, he explains the commonly Abuse Drug in Nigeria, stage of Drug Abuse, signs and symptoms of Drug Abuse, cause of Drug, form of Abuse and the effect of Drug Abuse.

In the chapter three, he also explains about the prevention of Drug Abuse, Appropriate body to consult for experts advice, suggestions and definition of terms.

His book dealt with my research project upon which all that were mentioned in this book is relevant to my research, but his book consist young and old, man and woman in general in Nigeria, while my research project concentrate to the youth and only in Sokoto metropolis.





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•   “THE IMPACT OF DRUG ABUSE ON YOUTH”: 9 A paper presented by Prof. Ayo Obembe at the revitalization of drug free club and book launch ceremony. ETF3 Hall, UDUS, main campus, Sokoto (2012). In this

paper he explains about the meaning of drugs and its categories, were he mentioned Alcohol, Amphetamine types, cannabits types, Hallucinogen type, khat type, cocaine type, opiate type (Morphine, Codeine, Methadone, Phetiedine, and Hammond).

He further opined that from the last decade, substances used have included heroine, cocaine and khat drugs.

In this paper the author explains about the recognizing signs of drugs use and dependence, were he noted the particular signs and symptoms of drug use dependence vary depending on type of drug. You might be able to tell that a family member or a friend is using or abusing a drug based on the physical and behavioural signs and symptoms associated with the drug. And he also talk about the consequence of youth substance abuse.

His paper is very important to my research project especially pertaining his explanation about the meaning of drugs and its categories, and the consequence of youth substance abuse, even thus and the consequence of youth substance abuse, even thus most of the substances




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that he talk about were different with the substances that were been misuses by the youth in my area study.

•   “THE CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG ABUSE”:10   A paper  presented

by Aminu Abdullahi K/Soro, on the occasion to mark United Nations International day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking.

In this paper, after definition of drug, the author talk most about the causes of drug abuse were he explain the experimental sue for Religious Insight, Juvenile Curiosity, Daily occupational pressures, feel high from depression, gain undue advantage over others in competitions, availability, peer group pressure, and high cost of drugs in pharmacy shop and high cost of consulting a medical doctor.

And he also explain about the effects on the society treatment of cases of drug abuse, prevention of drug abuse, and the role of NSCDC in combating drug abuse.

This paper has relevant to my research project especially in explanation about the causes of drug abuses and the effect on the society treatment on the cases of drug abuse.












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•   “PERSPECTIVES   ON  DRUG    ADDICTION   IN  ISLAMIC

HISTORYAND THEOLOGY”: 11 An Article written by Mansur Ali center for the study of Islam in the UK School history, Archaeology and Religion, John Percival Building, Cardiff University U.K.

In this Article after introduction the author explain about the substance in Islam, how does Islam view substance addiction, intoxicants in the Qur’an and Islamic society and the prohibited of the all intoxicants.

The author also mentioned many Qur’anic verses and he also explain about the Statement of Allah in the case of intoxication.

This Article dealt with my research project upon which all his statement were based on the Qur’anic version, sometimes Ahadith were mentioned after the Qur’anic verses then followed by a brief explanation of the author. For instance he talk about the prohibition of intoxication, he quoted the verse where Almighty Allah says:

O you who have believed, indeed, intoxicants, gambling (sacrificing on) stone alters (to other than Allah) and divining arrows are but defilement from the work of Satan so avoid it that you may be successful.12



•   “DIMENSION OF DRUG ABUSE IN NIGERIA”:13 A paper presented at a public lecture to student on drug abuse, PTF Hall, UDUS (2009) by Prof Ayo Obembe. In this paper the author explain about the basic fact


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about the drugs and also he discussed freely the effects of drug use and abuse on the individual and on society.

This paper has relevant to my research project especially were he discussed about the effects of drug use and abuse on the individual and society, but the author concentrate to the only student more especially undergraduate student. While my research project deal with the youth whether students or not, but only in Sokoto metropolis.

In the book of Shaikh Ahmade Lemu, his clarification on “TARBIYAR YAN MUSULMI” he accounted that Allah (S.W.T) prohibited all bad acts, and its equivalent in all chapter three. He emphasized that enemity and social vices are the cause of social riot and conflict in which the Muslims society overwhelmed. He again enforced with all such evil acts against Islam like stealing, intoxication and others. In the books scope at the same chapter, he stated good characters required to be copied by the Muslim youth.

His book dealt with my research project upon which it covered the categories of Muslim character of both right and wrong manifestation.

1.  THE MORAL TEACHING OF AL-QUR’AN WITH SPECIAL REFERNCE TO CHAPTERS LUQMAN AND ISRA’IL:14 written by

Muhammad Mahmud Dangana (1989). He break down his work into four chapters. The author give a clear features by mentioning the function of

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morality, the relationship between law and morality, the relativism in morality and what is strength of non religiously based morality.

In chapter one, the author talk more about the morality as seen by Sufis and Muslim theologians, self purification, acquisition of knowledge, Al-Imam Gazalis work and his biography, the work and history of Al-Qadi Abdul – Jabbar was also mentioned, not left behind Muhammad Bello was also mentioned in the chapter.

In chapter two the author talk about the some prevalent contemporary conception of morality intuitionism utilization and naturalism.

This important work has relevant to my research project most especially in the introduction, chapter one and two respectively, upon which in his introduction discussed the word “morality” as a set of norms and principles held by a certain person or society according to which he regulates behaviour to do good and shun bad.

Aliyu Abdullahi inserted facts about the “MORAL DECADENCE AMONG YOUTHS,15 A case study of Argungu Local government” in which his project comprises of four chapters. In an introductory space, he defined the term of moral decadence that are numerous in the live of Muslims where he brought out the historical facts or perspective of Argungu Local government.

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He stated that “it is an immoral act or behaviour that are deceitful in the human society.” Within his discussion he talks about those that constituted the concept of morality, such as truthfulness, justice and goodness to people. While in part of indecent characters are fornication, alcoholism, theft and their injunctions in the Qur’an and Sunnah of the Prophet (S.A.W) in his chapter two and three.

His chapter two and three has relevant with my research project upon which the concept of morality in Islam were treated as well as indecent characters that are out of Islam.

•   “UNDERSTANDING  ISLAMIC  ETHICS  AND  ITS  SIGNIFICANCE

ON THE CHARACTER BUILDING”:16 An International Journal of Science

and humanity: Vol. 3, No. 6 (2013) by Abidah Bint Abdul – Rahim. The author talks most about the sources of Islamic ethic after introduction , the relationship between Islamic ethics and sharia and the significance of

Islamic ethics. This paper has relevant to my research project especially in the introduction were she defined Islamic ethics as akhlaq (Plural of Khulq) which means character, nature and disposition. The word akhlaq has a very close relationship with the word khaliq (the Creator) and makhlug (the creature).

Therefore the ethics assumes a good relationship between creator and creature.





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•   “MORALITY IN THE PERSPECTIVES OF ISLAM AND AFRICAN

RELIGION (AFREL)”:17 A paper presented at the 22nd Annual Conference of “the Nigerian Association for the study of Religions (NASR)” (2001) by

A.S. Agboola.


The author states his paper with the introduction and then he talks about the origin of morality, the value of morality, Afrel and morality and also he talks most about the Islam and morality.

This paper has relevant to my research project especially in the introduction were he defined morality as behaviour in accordance with certain standards, as well ability to distinguish between good and evil.

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