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ABSTRACT
The uprising and revolt against authoritarian leaders in the Middle East and North Africa spearheaded and inspired protests among Libyans demanding for greater freedom which led to the collapse and overthrown of Gaddafi’s 42 year regime. The U.S. – NATO led military and humanitarian involvement and campaign gave much support to the rebel fighters and the NTC.
This study x-rays the role(s) played by U.S in the Libyan revolution,
and how it led to the demise of Gaddafi’s regime. To achieve the
objective of this study, we raised the following research questions.
Firstly, what motivated U.S. interest in the Libyan crisis.
Secondly, to what extent did U.S involvement led to the collapse of
Gaddafi’s regime? Finally, what has been the impact of the collapse of
Gaddafi regime on the political economy of the Libyan state? This study
will rely on qualitative method
of data collection which involves the use of secondary sources of data,
and adopts the political economy approach for its theoretical analysis.
This gives primacy
to material and economic condition as the main determinant of political
and organizational process of a society. After much appraisal of the
available data, the study reveals that; oil is the trophy of U.S – NATO
led war on Libya,
and that U.S involvement led to the ousting of Gaddafi’s regime.
However, the regime change in Libya has brought participatory democracy
and the end of authoritarian and tyrannical rule.
CHAPTER 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
On December 17, 2010 a disenfranchised 26-year-old Tunisian street
vendor set himself on fire to protest the repression and corruption of
the Tunisian government. This act of desperation cost the young man his
life, ignited the passion and frustration of millions, and set into
action a course of events that inevitably resulted in the overthrow of
Libyan tyrant Muammar Gaddafi. Mohamed Bouazizi’s self-immolation
inspired protests demanding greater freedom throughout the Middle East,
which led many Libyans to organize and openly defy the iron fist of
their despotic leader for the first time in 42 years. Over forty years
ago, Muammar Gaddafi led a revolt against the Libyan monarchy in the
name of nationalism, self-determination, and popular sovereignty.
Blanchard (2011) argues that it was these same principles that led the
Opposition group to revolt against Gaddafi to bring an end to the
authoritarian political system he has controlled in Libya for the past
four decades. For protesting 42 years of oppression endured under the
boot of Gaddafi’s regime, the Libyan people were attacked with
helicopter gunships and extrajudicial killings by Libyan military forces
and African mercenaries. The crisis reached a flashpoint in February
2011 when military attempts to suppress protests turned violent and
sparked open rebellion against the brutality of Gaddafi’s regime. The
rebellion surged toward Libya’s capital city of Tripoli, only to be
repulsed by military air strikes and superior firepower. The Libyan
government’s use of force against civilians and opposition forces
seeking Gaddafi’s overthrow sparked international outcry in February and
early March 2011. By mid-March, the rebellion was on the brink of
defeat and begged the U.N. to establish a “no fly zone” over Libya to
prevent the slaughter of innocent civilians caught in the middle of what
has become a civil war (Gannon, 2011).
The military intervention in Libya is one of the most remarkable
military undertakings of the last twenty years. It was sanctioned with
unusual speed and a wide-ranging mandate by the United Nations Security
Council (UNSC) in order to avoid the feared bloodshed of civilians and
anti-government rebels by Libya’s embattled leader Muammar Gaddafi’s
forces (Alcaro, 2011).
In accordance with U.N. Security Council Resolution 1973 the U.S., U.K.,
France, Qatar, U.A.E. and several other NATO partners began Operation
Odyssey Dawn to enforce a “no fly zone” over Libyan airspace. Now the
Libyan National Transitional Council is gaining international
recognition as the sole legitimate authority of Libya while their
rebellion is engaged in armed conflict to end Gaddafi’s 42-year rule and
establish a democratic government in Libya.
International reactions, U.S., U.K., French, German, and Italian
governments called for an end to Gaddafi’s regime as he indiscriminately
murders Libyan civilians in the sole remaining western rebel city of
Mistrata. According to Blanchard (2011), U.S president, Barack Obama
joined some leaders in asserting that Muammar Gaddafi must ultimately
give up power. Contributions of 30 “military advisors” from France,
Britain, and Italy, as well as U.S. drones and CIA assistance helped the
Libyan rebels organize and renew their momentum in what appeared to be a
stalemate. This crisis presented an unprecedented opportunity for a
massive shift in U.S.-Libyan relations, away from a violent antagonistic
past to one of cooperation that could lead to more stability in North
Africa and the Middle East. U.S. led NATO’s efforts in successfully
deposing Gaddafi and establishing a democratic government in Libya will
improve the United States relations in the Muslim world and a smile upon
“The Obama Doctrine.”
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