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ABSTRACT
The incidence of the infestation of plasmodium species (P.Falciparum, P. Vivax, P.Ovale, and P. alaria) which causes human malaria in Enugu metropolis was conducted at Parklane Hospital using their patients. Thick and thin, smear of blood were made and examined after proper staining. The staining method which proved effective were the Giemsa and Liesman staining method. It was observed that P.Falciparum was most prevalent of the fair species while P.Ovale has occuarence. The report from P.Malaria and P.Ovale were not significant to be recorded. Prevalent is higher in children than in Adult.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 THE BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Malaria is a
febrile illness caused by a protozoan of the germs plasmodium present
public health problem and cause suffering and premature death in
tropical and subtropical countries, because of htier ample rainfall; and
long periods, of warmth which favour both mosquito breeding and human
infection (Adams and Magraitt 1980,),
In many endemic area, malaria
increases and difficult to control because of the resistance of the
parasite to antimalaria drings and the failure of vector control
measures: At present, about two billion population live in malarious
zone. Every year, 200-300 million people are due to the disease. Most of
the victims are children under five (5) and pregnant women in areas of
stable malaria (intence malaria) transmission. Malaria also poses a risk
to travellers, tarists and immigrants and exotic cases of malaria are
There
are four species of Plasmodium which infects humans. although infection
is generally cases occur in the USA and other countries which are
otherwise free of malaria transmission. Falciparum, and Plasmodium
vivaz, which are found throughout malaria belt. Plasmodium malaria is
widely distributed but less common Plasmodium Ovale is rare but it tends
to replace P. Viax in west Africa where it has been linked with Lack of
Duffy blood group by (John Murray, 1880).
The life cycle of the
malaria (Plasmodium protozoa) includes of the malaria (plasmodium
protozoa)includes three basic stages. The first stage occurs in the
mosgintos body (Exogenous stage). The second and the third stages take
place in a persons body (exogenous stage) the first stage begins where
the mosginto bites Samoan who has malaria. Plasmodium enter the insects
body and reproduce in its stomach. The protozoan young tin their way
into the mosguito saliva. The second stage occurs after the mosquito
bites another person. Plasmodia.
During the third stage, each
plasmodium invades a red blood cell, where it multiples again. The
infected blood cells eventually rapture and release large numbers of
plasmodia, which invades additional red blood cells. This invasism,
multiplying and cell rupture by, the parasites continues, causing the
periodic attacks of fever that are typical of malaria. An attack occurs
each time the red blood cells rupture. Some plasmodia develop further in
human blood and are able to reproduce in a mosquitoes body. They enter
the insects body when the mosquito bites a person their life cycle
begins again.
Figure: THE LIFE CYCLE OF THEMALARIA PARASITE
Human malaria can be transmitted only by female anopheline
mosquitoes. In addition to transmitting malaria, anophelines also
transmits filariasis and some viral disease, but other mosquitos are
more important as vectors of the two latter infections. The Anopheless
belong to the order of Diptera, sub-order Nematocera, family culicidae
sub-family culicinae and tribe Anophelim in the zoological
classification.. within the tribe Anophelin, the germs anopheles has
several sub-genera. (Ketchum 1984).
There are about 400 species of
Anophelese mosquitoes throughout the world, but only some 60 species are
vectors of malaria under natural conditions: of these some 30 species
are of major importance. Natural susceptibility or resistance of
Anapheles to infection with a defined species of malaria parasite is
largely unexplained though it is certainly related to biochemical
processes in the body of the mosquito and to its nutritional
requirements. Among the main factors determining whether a particular
species of Abophelese is an important vector, the frequency of its
feeding on man (in preference to animals) is of particular relevance.
The other factors are the mean longevity of the local population of an
anpheline species and its density in relation to man. Thus, a particular
species of Anopheles may be an important vector in one area of the
world and of no importance in another area. Although Anopheles
mosquitoes are most frequently seen in tropical or subtropical regions,
they are found in termperate climates. They life expertance of the
mosquito depends on enviroenmntal conditions.
The external morphology
of both female and male anophels provides the main criteria for
recognising both the genus and the species of these mosquito. The
successive stages of growth and metamorphosis of the mosquito are the
egg, lava, pupa and finally the adult or imigo.
In general, malaria
is yound in regions lying roughly between latitute 60N and 400 of the
equator. The impart of malaria on any population depends upon its
epidemilogical pattern. Nigeira has endemic and stable malaria
(Meneudez, 1995).
CLASSIFICATION = (Beadle 1977) classified malaria parasite as follows:-
- Phylum - Protozoa
- Class - Sporozoa
- Order - Coccidida
- Sub-order - Haemosporina
- Family - Plasmodidae
- Germs - Plasmodium
Thus
plasmodium (protozoa: Haemo sporina) secure malaria to man and it is
atransmitted by female Anopheline mosquitoo during blood meal.
Malaria cause by Four species of Plasmodium.
Malaria cause by P.
Falciparium is refered to as Falciparium malaria, formely known as
subtertian (ST) or malignant tertian (MT) malaria. It is the msot
widespread, accounting for up tpo 80% of malaria cases worldwide. P.
Falciparum is the msot pathogenic of the human malaria species with
untreated infections causing severe disease and death, particularly in
yousng children, pregnant women and no-immune adults. According to
(Trigg and kondrachine, 1998) P. Facciparum causes yearly 300 million to
500 million cases of clinical illness and 1-5 million to 2.7 million
deaths in sub-saharan Africa, plus 5-20 million clinical cases and
100,000 deaths else where in the world 80% of them in Asta.
In a
pregnant women, Normal immune responses are reduced during pregnancy. In
areas of stable malaria transmission, a pregnant women will have
acquired partial immunity to malaria. This will protect her against
serious clinical Falciparum malaria but not present heavy parastic
infection of the placenta and anaemia (often severe) which can result in
a low birth weight baby which may not survive.
Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax is referred as vivax, formerly known as benign tertian (BT) malaria.
Malaria
caused by Plasmodium Ovale is referred to as ovale malaria, formerly
known as ovale tertian malaria. While that of Plasmodium malaria is
referred to as malariae malaria, also referred to as quartan malaria.
Infections
caused by P.Vivax, P. Ovale or P.malarine are rarely life – threatening
according to parasite cells does not occure and parasitic densities are
lower. In vivax and ovale malaria, parasites numbers rarely exceed
50000 /N/ or 2% of cells infected, and in quatan malaria (P. malaria)
parasite numbaer are usually less than 10,000/ML with only up to 1% of
cells becoming infected.
P.Vivax and Ovale malaria has a common
feature “Relapses” due to the delayed development of pre-erythrocytic
(PE) schizonts from hyprozoites in liver cells. While P. Malariae has a
feature of repeated malaria attacks due to recrudescence caused by small
numbers of erythrocytic forms of the parasite persisting in the host,
possibly as a recent of parasitic antigenic charge.
A serious
complication infection with P. Malariae is “ne phrotic syndrome” which
may head to renal failure. It occurs more frequently in children and is
caused by damage to the kidneys following the deposition of antigen
anti-body completes on the glomerular basement membrane of the kidney.
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVE
1. The aim of this research
project is to demonstrate the incidence of malaria infestation caused
by different species of plasmodium
2. To identify the commonest species of plasmodium implicated in the attack.
3. To identify stages of plasmodium in the patients.
4. To confirms the population at risk
5.
To make recommendation that would assist in the reduction or
eradication of malaria especially among children in Enugu metropolis and
the society ins general.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
The major problem with
diseases in developing world has been the failure to set realistic
priorities with respect to both research and control. As clinical
diagnosis fail to effectively lay emphasis on species specificity in
malaria attack, and as there are today increasing cases of chloroquine
resistant in malaria therapy, a good knowledge of species specificity
may help to claudicate the lathert causes of the problems in malaria
therapy. Finding from this work will clearly identify the followings:
1. The different species of plasmodium treatment
2. The nature of the stages in man
1.3 HYPOTHESIS
H1 There are four species of plasmodium evenly distributed in human population
H2 Some species of plasmodium are more prevalent then others.
H3 Plasmodium parasitenia is higher in children than in adults.
H1P Plasmodium parastitenia is equal in all age cohorts.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION
1. The four species of plasmodium is prevalent among the resident of Enugu state. They infect humans and cause malaria.
2. All species are vector borne disease, being spread by aropheline mosquitoes, and the disease is distributed throughout the
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This work is only carried out in parkland general hospital Enugu. While compiling this project, the following problems were met:
1. Finance: As a student, I did not have enough money to reach up to the demands of this study.
2.
Time factor: it is actually time consuming for the researcher in that
this project is to be completed within a short period of time.
3. Lack of materials: The laboratory is too busy in that, not all the materials needed is provided at a given time.
4.
Lack of cooperation from staff: some staff feel reluctant in providing
the materials needed, some feel that materials may be stooling or
damage.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is limited to
examination of incidence of malaria infestation caused by different
species of plasmodium in Enugu metropolis. The area of work covers
parkland general Hospital Enugu. As a general hospital, which is
standard I feel that they will give me more information and provide me
with the materials needed to carry out this work.
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