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ABSTRACT
This work on Qualitative Analysis of Drinking Water and its Health implications was conducted in Enugu Urban. This work was prompted by the complete acceptance of well, stream and packaged water consequent to perennial water inadequacy/scarcity in the city. The purpose of the study was to find out the quality of drinking water in Enugu Urban and ascertain the health implications to consumers. To pilot the study, four research questions and four hypotheses were formulated in line with stated purposes. Related literatures to the study were reviewed. The Quasi- experimental research design was adopted for the study. Purposively, sixty (60) water samples (15 from wells, 15 streams, 15 taps and15 packaged) were taken from the three density areas (low, medium and high) of Enugu Urban. Data collected were analyzed and, result showed that all water consumed in Enugu Urban contains coliform bacteria in varying degrees. The mean frequency of coliform bacteria in stream water in the three density areas did not differ significantly. Also there was no significant difference in the mean coliform bacteria content in sachet water packaged in Enugu Urban. Based on these findings, it is obvious that out break of any of the water borne diseases is imminent in the city. Recommendations among others included the policing of drainage basins by local government officials to stop the dumping of waste/refuse into them. Mounting of enlightenment programmes on the news media by the State Ministry of Health on water source protection and water sanitation.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Safe water in sufficient quantity is fundamental to human health. According to Garelick (1987), water is a clear, tasteless and odourless liquid. It is colourless in small quantity but pale blue in deep column. This liquid, Garelick said, has a potassium ion (pH) of 7,
temperature between 70C and 120C, freezes at zero degree
centigrade (0C) and boils at 1000C. Plants and animals and indeed the whole ecosystem for maintenance of homeostasis require water. Water according to World Health Organisation (WHO: 1984) possesses some characteristics and so its quality can be assessed by physical, chemical and biological properties. Physically pure water is tasteless and colourless and as stated by WHO the colour should be below 15 True Colour Unit (TCU), while its turbidity should be below one Nephelo-metric Turbidity Unit (NTU) or one Jacksons Turbidity Unit (JTU). Water also contains some chemicals depending on its source. Biologically, safe water should not contain any microorganism, hence, WHO (1985) warned that the presence of faecal thermotolerant coliform organisms especially Eschericha
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Safe water in sufficient quantity is fundamental to human health. According to Garelick (1987), water is a clear, tasteless and odourless liquid. It is colourless in small quantity but pale blue in deep column. This liquid, Garelick said, has a potassium ion (pH) of 7,
temperature between 70C and 120C, freezes at zero degree
centigrade (0C) and boils at 1000C. Plants and animals and indeed the whole ecosystem for maintenance of homeostasis require water. Water according to World Health Organisation (WHO: 1984) possesses some characteristics and so its quality can be assessed by physical, chemical and biological properties. Physically pure water is tasteless and colourless and as stated by WHO the colour should be below 15 True Colour Unit (TCU), while its turbidity should be below one Nephelo-metric Turbidity Unit (NTU) or one Jacksons Turbidity Unit (JTU). Water also contains some chemicals depending on its source. Biologically, safe water should not contain any microorganism, hence, WHO (1985) warned that the presence of faecal thermotolerant coliform organisms especially Eschericha
1
101
3
coliform (E.coli) is a definite indication of water pollution. Therefore, water, which sustains life, becomes dangerous when polluted.
Thus, public health officials are concerned with increasing deterioration of water quality due to industrial, agricultural and urban wastes. Most often these wastes are directed into surface water hence, Hoek, Konradsen and Jehangir (1999) remarked that while the direct use of surface water for drinking seem unacceptable, to the developing world, the presence of surface water for drinking is a blessing. Safe water is globally inadequate and according to the World Bank (2004), about 220 million urban residents in the developing world lack source of safe drinking water near their homes. This report of gross inadequacy persists despite the United Nation’s (UN) great strides in the 1980s. The UN at its World Water Conference at Mal del Plata in 1979 designated the 1980s (1980 – 1989) as the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (Howard and Bartram, 1993). The objective of designating the decade as the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation was to provide safe and adequate water to everybody in the planet.
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To realize this objective, WHO: (1984:104) outlined the following
strategies: development of human resources, encouraging
institutional structures, provision of information system and
community involvement at all levels of the project.
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